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Language and mind

  • 1 Language

       Philosophy is written in that great book, the universe, which is always open, right before our eyes. But one cannot understand this book without first learning to understand the language and to know the characters in which it is written. It is written in the language of mathematics, and the characters are triangles, circles, and other figures. Without these, one cannot understand a single word of it, and just wanders in a dark labyrinth. (Galileo, 1990, p. 232)
       It never happens that it [a nonhuman animal] arranges its speech in various ways in order to reply appropriately to everything that may be said in its presence, as even the lowest type of man can do. (Descartes, 1970a, p. 116)
       It is a very remarkable fact that there are none so depraved and stupid, without even excepting idiots, that they cannot arrange different words together, forming of them a statement by which they make known their thoughts; while, on the other hand, there is no other animal, however perfect and fortunately circumstanced it may be, which can do the same. (Descartes, 1967, p. 116)
       Human beings do not live in the object world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built on the language habits of the group.... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir, 1921, p. 75)
       It powerfully conditions all our thinking about social problems and processes.... No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same worlds with different labels attached. (Sapir, 1985, p. 162)
       [A list of language games, not meant to be exhaustive:]
       Giving orders, and obeying them- Describing the appearance of an object, or giving its measurements- Constructing an object from a description (a drawing)Reporting an eventSpeculating about an eventForming and testing a hypothesisPresenting the results of an experiment in tables and diagramsMaking up a story; and reading itPlay actingSinging catchesGuessing riddlesMaking a joke; and telling it
       Solving a problem in practical arithmeticTranslating from one language into another
       LANGUAGE Asking, thanking, cursing, greeting, and praying-. (Wittgenstein, 1953, Pt. I, No. 23, pp. 11 e-12 e)
       We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages.... The world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... No individual is free to describe nature with absolute impartiality but is constrained to certain modes of interpretation even while he thinks himself most free. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 153, 213-214)
       We dissect nature along the lines laid down by our native languages.
       The categories and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds-and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds.... We are thus introduced to a new principle of relativity, which holds that all observers are not led by the same physical evidence to the same picture of the universe, unless their linguistic backgrounds are similar or can in some way be calibrated. (Whorf, 1956, pp. 213-214)
       9) The Forms of a Person's Thoughts Are Controlled by Unperceived Patterns of His Own Language
       The forms of a person's thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. These patterns are the unperceived intricate systematizations of his own language-shown readily enough by a candid comparison and contrast with other languages, especially those of a different linguistic family. (Whorf, 1956, p. 252)
       It has come to be commonly held that many utterances which look like statements are either not intended at all, or only intended in part, to record or impart straightforward information about the facts.... Many traditional philosophical perplexities have arisen through a mistake-the mistake of taking as straightforward statements of fact utterances which are either (in interesting non-grammatical ways) nonsensical or else intended as something quite different. (Austin, 1962, pp. 2-3)
       In general, one might define a complex of semantic components connected by logical constants as a concept. The dictionary of a language is then a system of concepts in which a phonological form and certain syntactic and morphological characteristics are assigned to each concept. This system of concepts is structured by several types of relations. It is supplemented, furthermore, by redundancy or implicational rules..., representing general properties of the whole system of concepts.... At least a relevant part of these general rules is not bound to particular languages, but represents presumably universal structures of natural languages. They are not learned, but are rather a part of the human ability to acquire an arbitrary natural language. (Bierwisch, 1970, pp. 171-172)
       In studying the evolution of mind, we cannot guess to what extent there are physically possible alternatives to, say, transformational generative grammar, for an organism meeting certain other physical conditions characteristic of humans. Conceivably, there are none-or very few-in which case talk about evolution of the language capacity is beside the point. (Chomsky, 1972, p. 98)
       [It is] truth value rather than syntactic well-formedness that chiefly governs explicit verbal reinforcement by parents-which renders mildly paradoxical the fact that the usual product of such a training schedule is an adult whose speech is highly grammatical but not notably truthful. (R. O. Brown, 1973, p. 330)
       he conceptual base is responsible for formally representing the concepts underlying an utterance.... A given word in a language may or may not have one or more concepts underlying it.... On the sentential level, the utterances of a given language are encoded within a syntactic structure of that language. The basic construction of the sentential level is the sentence.
       The next highest level... is the conceptual level. We call the basic construction of this level the conceptualization. A conceptualization consists of concepts and certain relations among those concepts. We can consider that both levels exist at the same point in time and that for any unit on one level, some corresponding realizate exists on the other level. This realizate may be null or extremely complex.... Conceptualizations may relate to other conceptualizations by nesting or other specified relationships. (Schank, 1973, pp. 191-192)
       The mathematics of multi-dimensional interactive spaces and lattices, the projection of "computer behavior" on to possible models of cerebral functions, the theoretical and mechanical investigation of artificial intelligence, are producing a stream of sophisticated, often suggestive ideas.
       But it is, I believe, fair to say that nothing put forward until now in either theoretic design or mechanical mimicry comes even remotely in reach of the most rudimentary linguistic realities. (Steiner, 1975, p. 284)
       The step from the simple tool to the master tool, a tool to make tools (what we would now call a machine tool), seems to me indeed to parallel the final step to human language, which I call reconstitution. It expresses in a practical and social context the same understanding of hierarchy, and shows the same analysis by function as a basis for synthesis. (Bronowski, 1977, pp. 127-128)
        t is the language donn eґ in which we conduct our lives.... We have no other. And the danger is that formal linguistic models, in their loosely argued analogy with the axiomatic structure of the mathematical sciences, may block perception.... It is quite conceivable that, in language, continuous induction from simple, elemental units to more complex, realistic forms is not justified. The extent and formal "undecidability" of context-and every linguistic particle above the level of the phoneme is context-bound-may make it impossible, except in the most abstract, meta-linguistic sense, to pass from "pro-verbs," "kernals," or "deep deep structures" to actual speech. (Steiner, 1975, pp. 111-113)
       A higher-level formal language is an abstract machine. (Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 113)
       Jakobson sees metaphor and metonymy as the characteristic modes of binarily opposed polarities which between them underpin the two-fold process of selection and combination by which linguistic signs are formed.... Thus messages are constructed, as Saussure said, by a combination of a "horizontal" movement, which combines words together, and a "vertical" movement, which selects the particular words from the available inventory or "inner storehouse" of the language. The combinative (or syntagmatic) process manifests itself in contiguity (one word being placed next to another) and its mode is metonymic. The selective (or associative) process manifests itself in similarity (one word or concept being "like" another) and its mode is metaphoric. The "opposition" of metaphor and metonymy therefore may be said to represent in effect the essence of the total opposition between the synchronic mode of language (its immediate, coexistent, "vertical" relationships) and its diachronic mode (its sequential, successive, lineal progressive relationships). (Hawkes, 1977, pp. 77-78)
       It is striking that the layered structure that man has given to language constantly reappears in his analyses of nature. (Bronowski, 1977, p. 121)
       First, [an ideal intertheoretic reduction] provides us with a set of rules"correspondence rules" or "bridge laws," as the standard vernacular has it-which effect a mapping of the terms of the old theory (T o) onto a subset of the expressions of the new or reducing theory (T n). These rules guide the application of those selected expressions of T n in the following way: we are free to make singular applications of their correspondencerule doppelgangers in T o....
       Second, and equally important, a successful reduction ideally has the outcome that, under the term mapping effected by the correspondence rules, the central principles of T o (those of semantic and systematic importance) are mapped onto general sentences of T n that are theorems of Tn. (P. Churchland, 1979, p. 81)
       If non-linguistic factors must be included in grammar: beliefs, attitudes, etc. [this would] amount to a rejection of the initial idealization of language as an object of study. A priori such a move cannot be ruled out, but it must be empirically motivated. If it proves to be correct, I would conclude that language is a chaos that is not worth studying.... Note that the question is not whether beliefs or attitudes, and so on, play a role in linguistic behavior and linguistic judgments... [but rather] whether distinct cognitive structures can be identified, which interact in the real use of language and linguistic judgments, the grammatical system being one of these. (Chomsky, 1979, pp. 140, 152-153)
        23) Language Is Inevitably Influenced by Specific Contexts of Human Interaction
       Language cannot be studied in isolation from the investigation of "rationality." It cannot afford to neglect our everyday assumptions concerning the total behavior of a reasonable person.... An integrational linguistics must recognize that human beings inhabit a communicational space which is not neatly compartmentalized into language and nonlanguage.... It renounces in advance the possibility of setting up systems of forms and meanings which will "account for" a central core of linguistic behavior irrespective of the situation and communicational purposes involved. (Harris, 1981, p. 165)
       By innate [linguistic knowledge], Chomsky simply means "genetically programmed." He does not literally think that children are born with language in their heads ready to be spoken. He merely claims that a "blueprint is there, which is brought into use when the child reaches a certain point in her general development. With the help of this blueprint, she analyzes the language she hears around her more readily than she would if she were totally unprepared for the strange gabbling sounds which emerge from human mouths. (Aitchison, 1987, p. 31)
       Looking at ourselves from the computer viewpoint, we cannot avoid seeing that natural language is our most important "programming language." This means that a vast portion of our knowledge and activity is, for us, best communicated and understood in our natural language.... One could say that natural language was our first great original artifact and, since, as we increasingly realize, languages are machines, so natural language, with our brains to run it, was our primal invention of the universal computer. One could say this except for the sneaking suspicion that language isn't something we invented but something we became, not something we constructed but something in which we created, and recreated, ourselves. (Leiber, 1991, p. 8)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Language

  • 2 mind

    mind [maɪnd]
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    1. noun
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    1. noun
       a. ( = brain) esprit m
    • at the back of my mind I had the feeling that... je sentais confusément que...
    • what's on your mind? qu'est-ce qui vous préoccupe ?
       b. ( = opinion) to my mind à mon avis
       c. ( = inclination) envie f
    • nothing is further from my mind! (bien) loin de moi cette pensée !
    ► in + mind
    • it's all in the mind tout ça, c'est dans la tête (inf)
    • to bear sth in mind ( = take account of) tenir compte de qch ; ( = remember) ne pas oublier qch
    • have you (got) anything particular in mind? avez-vous quelque chose de particulier en tête ?
    • to be/go out of one's mind with worry être/devenir fou d'inquiétude
    • you must be out of your mind! tu es complètement fou !
       a. ( = pay attention to) faire attention à ; ( = beware of) prendre garde à ; (US = listen to) écouter
    • mind you don't fall! prenez garde de ne pas tomber !
    • mind the step! attention à la marche !
    • mind your language! surveille ton langage !
    • cigarette? -- I don't mind if I do une cigarette ? -- ce n'est pas de refus ! (inf)
    ► would you mind + gerund
    • would you mind opening the door? cela vous ennuierait d'ouvrir la porte ?
       c. ( = look after) [+ children, animals] garder ; [+ shop] tenir
    ( = object) do you mind if I take this book? -- I don't mind at all ça ne vous ennuie pas que je prenne ce livre ? -- mais non, je vous en prie
    ► never mind ( = don't worry) ne t'en fais pas ! ; ( = it makes no odds) ça ne fait rien !
    • he can't walk, never mind run (inf) il ne peut pas marcher, encore moins courir
    mind you, it won't be easy cela dit, ce ne sera pas facile
    • mind you, he could be right peut-être qu'il a raison après tout
    ► mind-altering adjective [drug, substance] psychotrope
    adjective [drug] hallucinogène ; [experience, news] hallucinant
    • I'm not a mind reader! (inf)
    * * *
    [maɪnd] 1.
    1) (centre of thought, feelings) esprit m

    that's a load ou weight off my mind — ça me soulage beaucoup

    2) ( brain) intelligence f
    3) ( way of thinking) esprit m
    4) ( opinion) avis m

    to make up one's mind about/to do — se décider à propos de/à faire

    5) ( attention) esprit m

    to concentrate ou keep one's mind on something — se concentrer sur

    to give ou put one's mind to something — accorder son attention à quelque chose

    6) ( memory) esprit m

    it went right ou clean ou completely out of my mind — cela m'est complètement sorti de la tête

    7) ( sanity) raison f

    are you out of your mind? — (colloq) tu es fou/folle? (colloq)

    8) ( person as intellectual) esprit m
    2.
    in mind adverbial phrase

    with this in mind,... — avec cette idée en tête,...

    to put somebody in mind of somebody/something — rappeler quelqu'un/quelque chose à quelqu'un

    3.
    1) ( pay attention to) faire attention à [hazard]; surveiller [manners, language]

    don't mind me — gen ne faites pas attention à moi; iron ne vous gênez pas!

    mind how you go — GB faites bien attention à vous

    it's a secret, mind — (colloq) c'est un secret, n'oublie pas

    mind you (colloq), it won't be easy — remarque, ce ne sera pas facile

    2) ( object to)

    I don't mind cats, but I prefer dogs — je n'ai rien contre les chats, mais je préfère les chiens

    ‘today or tomorrow?’ - ‘I don't mind’ — ‘aujourd'hui ou demain?’ - ‘ça m'est égal’

    if you don't mind my asking... — si ce n'est pas une question indiscrète...

    ‘like a cigarette?’ - ‘don't mind if I do’ — (colloq) ‘une cigarette?’ - ‘c'est pas de refus’ (colloq)

    3) ( care) se soucier de

    do you mind! — iron non mais!

    never mind — ( don't worry) ne t'en fais pas; ( it doesn't matter) peu importe

    he can't afford an apartment, never mind a big house — il ne peut pas se permettre un appartement encore moins une grande maison

    4) ( look after) s'occuper de [animal, children]; tenir [shop]
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••

    I gave him a piece of my mind! — (colloq) je lui ai dit ma façon de penser!

    to have a good mind ou half a mind to do — GB avoir bien envie de faire

    English-French dictionary > mind

  • 3 mind

    mind [maɪnd]
    1 noun
    (a) (reason) esprit m;
    ∎ the power of mind over matter le pouvoir de l'esprit sur la matière;
    ∎ to be strong in mind and body être physiquement et mentalement solide;
    ∎ to be of sound mind être sain d'esprit;
    ∎ to be/to go out of one's mind être/devenir fou(folle);
    ∎ are you out of your mind?, you must be out of your mind! est-ce que tu as perdu la tête?;
    ∎ he was out of his mind with worry il était fou d'inquiétude;
    ∎ he isn't in his right mind il n'a pas tous ses esprits;
    ∎ no one in their right mind would do such a thing aucune personne sensée n'agirait ainsi;
    ∎ to be bored out of one's mind mourir d'ennui
    ∎ such a thought had never entered his mind une telle pensée ne lui était jamais venue à l'esprit;
    ∎ there's something on her mind il y a quelque chose qui la tracasse;
    ∎ I have a lot on my mind j'ai beaucoup de soucis;
    ∎ what's going on in her mind? qu'est-ce qui se passe dans son esprit ou sa tête?;
    ∎ at the back of one's mind au fond de soi-même;
    ∎ at the back of my mind was the fear that we would arrive too late au fond de moi-même, je craignais que nous n'arrivions trop tard;
    ∎ to put sth to the back of one's mind chasser qch de son esprit;
    ∎ I just can't get him out of my mind je n'arrive absolument pas à l'oublier;
    ∎ to have sb/sth in mind penser à qn/qch de précis;
    ∎ the person I have in mind la personne à laquelle je pense;
    ∎ who do you have in mind for the role? à qui songez-vous pour le rôle?, qui avez-vous en vue pour le rôle?;
    ∎ what kind of holiday did you have in mind? qu'est-ce que tu voulais ou voudrais faire pour les vacances?;
    ∎ I had something smaller in mind je pensais à quelque chose de plus petit;
    ∎ you must put the idea out of your mind tu dois te sortir cette idée de la tête;
    ∎ put it out of your mind n'y pensez plus;
    ∎ to set one's mind on doing sth se mettre en tête de faire qch;
    ∎ to have one's mind set on sth vouloir qch à tout prix;
    ∎ a drink will take your mind off the accident bois un verre, ça te fera oublier l'accident;
    ∎ to put or set sb's mind at rest rassurer qn;
    ∎ to see things in one's mind's eye bien se représenter qch;
    ∎ it's all in your mind! tu te fais des idées!;
    ∎ it's all in the mind tout ça, c'est dans la tête
    ∎ to give one's whole mind to sth accorder toute son attention à qch;
    ∎ I can't seem to apply my mind to the problem je n'arrive pas à me concentrer sur le problème;
    ∎ I'm sure if you put your mind to it you could do it je suis sûr que si tu essayais vraiment, tu pourrais le faire;
    ∎ keep your mind on the job ne vous laissez pas distraire;
    ∎ your mind is not on the job tu n'as pas la tête à ce que tu fais;
    ∎ she does crosswords to keep her mind occupied elle fait des mots croisés pour s'occuper l'esprit;
    ∎ American don't pay him any mind ne fais pas attention à lui
    ∎ my mind has gone blank j'ai un trou de mémoire;
    ∎ it brings to mind the time we were in Spain cela me rappelle l'époque où nous étions en Espagne;
    ∎ Churchill's words come to mind on pense aux paroles de Churchill;
    ∎ it went clean or right out of my mind cela m'est complètement sorti de l'esprit ou de la tête;
    ∎ to put sb in mind of sb/sth rappeler qn/qch à qn;
    ∎ it puts me in mind of Japan cela me fait penser au Japon, cela me rappelle le Japon;
    ∎ to bear or keep sth in mind (think about) songer à qch; (take into account) tenir compte de qch; (not forget) ne pas oublier qch, garder qch à l'esprit;
    ∎ we must bear in mind that she is only a child il ne faut pas oublier que ce n'est qu'une enfant;
    ∎ it must have slipped my mind j'ai dû oublier;
    ∎ familiar to have a mind like a sieve avoir (une) très mauvaise mémoire□ ;
    ∎ British time out of mind I've warned him not to go there cela fait une éternité que je lui dis de ne pas y aller
    (e) (intellect) esprit m;
    ∎ she has an outstanding mind elle est d'une très grande intelligence;
    ∎ he has the mind of a child il a l'esprit d'un enfant
    (f) (intelligent person, thinker) esprit m, cerveau m;
    ∎ the great minds of our century les grands esprits ou cerveaux de notre siècle;
    ∎ proverb great minds think alike(, fools seldom differ) les grands esprits se rencontrent;
    ∎ humorous how about a drink? - great minds think alike! si on prenait une verre? - les grands esprits se rencontrent!
    ∎ the Western mind la pensée occidentale;
    ∎ I haven't got a scientific mind je n'ai pas l'esprit scientifique;
    ∎ you've got a dirty mind! tu as l'esprit mal placé!;
    ∎ she has a nasty mind elle voit le mal partout;
    ∎ he has a suspicious mind il est soupçonneux de nature;
    ∎ it's probably just my suspicious mind but I don't trust him c'est probablement que je suis trop suspicieux ou soupçonneux, mais je n'ai pas confiance en lui
    ∎ to be of the same or of like or of one mind être du même avis;
    ∎ they're all of one or the same mind ils sont tous d'accord ou du même avis;
    ∎ to know one's own mind savoir ce qu'on veut;
    ∎ you've got a mind of your own tu peux décider toi-même;
    ∎ the car seemed to have a mind of its own la voiture semblait faire ce que bon lui semblait;
    ∎ to my mind,… à mon avis,…, selon moi,…;
    ∎ I'm in two minds about where to go for my holidays je ne sais pas très bien où aller passer mes vacances;
    ∎ I'm in two minds about going je ne sais pas si je vais y aller;
    ∎ to make up one's mind se décider, prendre une décision;
    ∎ make up your mind! décidez-vous!;
    ∎ I can't make up your mind for you je ne peux pas décider à ta place;
    ∎ my mind is made up ma décision est prise;
    ∎ to make up one's mind to do sth se décider à faire qch;
    ∎ she's made up her mind to move house elle s'est résolue à déménager
    ∎ I've half a mind to give up j'ai presque envie de renoncer;
    ∎ I've a good mind to tell him what I think j'ai bien envie de lui dire ce que je pense
    ∎ nothing was further from my mind je n'en avais nullement l'intention;
    ∎ I've had it in mind for some time now j'y songe depuis un moment
    (a) (pay attention to) faire attention à;
    ∎ he didn't mind my advice il n'a pas fait attention à ou n'a pas écouté mes conseils;
    ∎ mind your own business! occupe-toi de ce qui te regarde!, mêle-toi de tes oignons!;
    ∎ mind your language! surveille ton langage!;
    ∎ to mind one's manners se surveiller;
    ∎ mind the step (sign) attention à la marche;
    ∎ mind the cat! attention au chat!;
    ∎ mind what you say (pay attention) réfléchissez à ou faites attention à ce que vous dites; (don't be rude) mesurez vos paroles;
    ∎ mind what you're doing! regarde ce que tu fais!;
    ∎ would you mind where you're putting your feet, please? est-ce que tu peux faire attention où tu mets les pieds, s'il te plaît?;
    ∎ British familiar mind how you go! fais attention à toi!
    (b) (be sure that) faire attention à;
    ∎ mind you write to him! n'oubliez pas de lui écrire!;
    ∎ mind you don't fall! faites attention de ne pas tomber!;
    ∎ mind you don't forget n'oubliez surtout pas;
    ∎ mind you don't break it fais bien attention de ne pas le casser;
    ∎ mind you're not late! faites en sorte de ne pas être en retard!;
    ∎ mind you post my letter n'oubliez surtout pas de poster ma lettre
    (c) (concern oneself with) faire attention à, s'inquiéter de ou pour;
    ∎ don't mind me, I'll just sit here quietly ne vous inquiétez pas de moi, je vais m'asseoir ici et je ne dérangerai personne;
    ∎ don't mind him, he's always like that ne fais pas attention à lui, il est toujours comme ça;
    ∎ ironic don't mind me, I only live here! je t'en prie, fais comme chez toi!;
    ∎ I really don't mind what he says/thinks je me fiche de ce qu'il peut dire/penser
    ∎ I don't mind him il ne me dérange pas;
    ∎ I don't mind the cold le froid ne me gêne pas;
    ∎ I don't mind trying je veux bien essayer;
    ∎ you don't mind me using the car, do you? - I mind very much cela ne te dérange pas que je prenne la voiture? - cela me dérange beaucoup;
    ∎ do you mind going out when the weather's cold? est-ce que cela vous ennuie de sortir quand il fait froid?;
    ∎ do you mind me smoking? cela ne vous ennuie ou dérange pas que je fume?;
    ∎ did you mind me inviting her? tu aurais peut-être préféré que je ne l'invite pas?, ça t'ennuie que je l'aie invitée?;
    ∎ would you mind turning out the light, please? est-ce que tu peux éteindre la lumière, s'il te plaît?;
    ∎ how much do you earn, if you don't mind my or me asking? combien est-ce que vous gagnez, sans indiscrétion?;
    ∎ I wouldn't mind having his salary ça ne me dérangerait pas de gagner autant que lui;
    ∎ I wouldn't mind a cup of tea je prendrais bien ou volontiers une tasse de thé
    (e) (look after → children) garder; (→ bags, possessions) garder, surveiller; (→ shop, business) garder, tenir; (→ plants, garden) s'occuper de, prendre soin de;
    ∎ can you mind the house for us while we're away? (watch) pouvez-vous surveiller la maison pendant notre absence?; (look after) pouvez-vous vous occuper de la maison pendant notre absence?
    (f) Scottish (remember) se rappeler, se souvenir de
    ∎ mind (you), I'm not surprised remarque ou tu sais, cela ne m'étonne pas;
    ∎ mind you, he's a bit young ceci dit, il est un peu jeune;
    ∎ mind you, I've always thought he was a bit strange remarquez, j'ai toujours trouvé qu'il était un peu bizarre;
    ∎ but, mind you, it was late mais, voyez-vous, il était tard;
    ∎ never mind that now (leave it) ne vous occupez pas de cela tout de suite; (forget it) ce n'est plus la peine de s'en occuper;
    ∎ never mind the consequences ne vous préoccupez pas des conséquences, peu importent les conséquences;
    ∎ never mind what people say/think peu importe ce que disent/pensent les gens;
    ∎ never mind his feelings, I've got a business to run! je me moque de ses états d'âme, j'ai une entreprise à diriger!;
    ∎ never mind him, just run for it! ne t'occupe pas de lui, fonce!
    (a) (object → in requests)
    ∎ do you mind if I open the window? cela vous dérange si j'ouvre la fenêtre?;
    ∎ would you mind if I opened the window? est-ce que cela vous dérangerait si j'ouvrais la fenêtre?;
    ∎ do you mind if I smoke? est-ce que cela vous gêne ou dérange que je fume?;
    ∎ I don't mind in the least cela ne me dérange pas le moins du monde;
    ∎ if you don't mind si vous voulez bien, si vous n'y voyez pas d'inconvénient;
    ∎ I can't say I really mind je ne peux pas dire que cela m'ennuie ou me dérange vraiment;
    ∎ do you mind if I take the car? - of course I don't mind est-ce que cela vous ennuie que je prenne la voiture? - bien sûr que non;
    ∎ familiar I don't mind if I do (in reply to offer) je ne dis pas non, ce n'est pas de refus
    (b) (care, worry)
    ∎ I don't mind if people laugh at me - but you should mind! je ne me soucie guère que les gens se moquent de moi - mais vous devriez!;
    ∎ if you don't mind, I haven't finished si cela ne vous fait rien, je n'ai pas terminé;
    ∎ do you mind? (politely) vous permettez?;
    ∎ ironic do you mind! (indignantly) non mais!;
    ∎ never mind (it doesn't matter) cela ne fait rien, tant pis; (don't worry) ne vous en faites pas;
    ∎ never you mind! (don't worry) ne vous en faites pas!; (mind your own business) ce n'est pas votre affaire!;
    ∎ never mind about the money now ne t'en fais pas pour l'argent, on verra plus tard
    (c) British (be careful) faire attention;
    ∎ mind when you cross the road fais attention en traversant la route;
    ∎ mind! attention!
    ►► mind reader voyant(e) m,f;
    ∎ he must be a mind reader il lit dans les pensées comme dans un livre;
    ∎ I'm not a mind reader je ne suis pas devin;
    Marketing mind share part f de notoriété
    British faire attention;
    ∎ mind out! attention!;
    ∎ mind out for the rocks! attention aux rochers!

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > mind

  • 4 mind

    1. noun

    bear or keep something in mind — an etwas (Akk.) denken; etwas nicht vergessen

    have in mind to do something — vorhaben, etwas zu tun

    bring something to mind — etwas in Erinnerung rufen

    it went out of my mind — ich habe es vergessen; es ist mir entfallen

    put something/somebody out of one's mind — etwas/jemanden aus seinem Gedächtnis streichen

    2) (opinion)

    in or to my mind — meiner Meinung od. Ansicht nach

    be of one or of the same mind, be in one mind — einer Meinung sein

    be in two minds about something — [sich (Dat.)] unschlüssig über etwas (Akk.) sein

    change one's mind — seine Meinung ändern

    I have a good mind/half a mind to do that — ich hätte große Lust/nicht übel Lust, das zu tun

    make up one's mind, make one's mind up — sich entscheiden

    make up one's mind to do something — sich entschließen, etwas zu tun

    3) (direction of thoughts)

    his mind is on other things — er ist mit den Gedanken woanders

    give or put or turn one's mind to — sich konzentrieren auf (+ Akk.) [Arbeit, Aufgabe, Angelegenheit]

    I have had somebody/something on my mind — jemand/etwas hat mich beschäftigt; (worried) ich habe mir Sorgen wegen jemandem/etwas gemacht

    something preys or weighs on somebody's mind — etwas macht jemandem zu schaffen

    close one's mind to something — sich einer Sache (Dat.) verschließen (geh.)

    4) (way of thinking and feeling) Denkweise, die

    frame of mind — [seelische] Verfassung

    state of mind — [Geistes]zustand, der

    be in a frame of mind to do something — in der Verfassung sein, etwas zu tun

    5) (seat of consciousness, thought, volition) Geist, der

    in one's mind — im stillen

    in my mind's eye — vor meinem geistigen Auge; im Geiste

    nothing could be further from my mind than... — nichts läge mir ferner, als...

    6) (intellectual powers) Verstand, der; Intellekt, der

    have a very good mind — einen klaren od. scharfen Verstand haben

    great minds think alike — (joc.) große Geister denken [eben] gleich

    7) (normal mental faculties) Verstand, der

    lose or go out of one's mind — den Verstand verlieren

    2. transitive verb
    1) (heed)

    don't mind what he says — gib nichts auf sein Gerede

    let's do it, and never mind the expense — machen wir es doch, egal, was es kostet

    2) (concern oneself about)

    he minds a lot what people think of him — es ist für ihn sehr wichtig, was die Leute von ihm denken

    I can't afford a bicycle, never mind a car — ich kann mir kein Fahrrad leisten, geschweige denn ein Auto

    never mind him/that — (don't be anxious) er/das kann dir doch egal sein (ugs.)

    never mind how/where... — es tut nichts zur Sache, wie/wo...

    don't mind me — nimm keine Rücksicht auf mich; (don't let my presence disturb you) lass dich [durch mich] nicht stören; (iron.) nimm bloß keine Rücksicht auf mich

    mind the doors! — Vorsicht an den Türen!

    3) usu. neg. or interrog. (object to)

    did he mind being woken up? — hat es ihm was ausgemacht, aufgeweckt zu werden?

    would you mind opening the door? — würdest du bitte die Tür öffnen?

    do you mind my smoking? — stört es Sie od. haben Sie etwas dagegen, wenn ich rauche?

    4) (remember and take care)

    mind you don't leave anything behind — denk daran, nichts liegen lassen!

    mind how you go! — pass auf! sei vorsichtig!; (as general farewell) mach's gut! (ugs.)

    mind you get this work done — sieh zu, dass du mit dieser Arbeit fertig wirst!

    5) (have charge of) aufpassen auf (+ Akk.)

    mind the shop or (Amer.) the store — (fig.) sich um den Laden kümmern (ugs.)

    3. intransitive verb
    1)

    mind! — Vorsicht!; Achtung!

    2) usu. in imper. (take note)

    follow the signposts, mind, or... — denk daran und halte dich an die Wegweiser, sonst...

    I didn't know that, mind, or... — das habe ich allerdings nicht gewusst, sonst...

    3) (care, object)

    do you mind? — (may I?) hätten Sie etwas dagegen?; (please do not) ich muss doch sehr bitten

    he doesn't mind about your using the car — er hat nichts dagegen, wenn Sie den Wagen benutzen

    4) (give heed)

    never [you] mind — (it's not important) macht nichts; ist nicht schlimm; (it's none of your business) sei nicht so neugierig

    never mind: I can do it — schon gut - das kann ich machen

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/89159/mind_out">mind out
    * * *
    1.
    (the power by which one thinks etc; the intelligence or understanding: The child already has the mind of an adult.) der Verstand
    2. verb
    1) (to look after or supervise (eg a child): mind the baby.) aufpassen
    2) (to be upset by; to object to: You must try not to mind when he criticizes your work.) sich etwas machen aus
    3) (to be careful of: Mind (= be careful not to trip over) the step!) sich in Acht nehmen
    4) (to pay attention to or obey: You should mind your parents' words/advice.) beachten
    3. interjection
    (be careful!: Mind! There's a car coming!) Achtung!
    - -minded
    - mindful
    - mindless
    - mindlessly
    - mindlessness
    - mindreader
    - at/in the back of one's mind
    - change one's mind
    - be out of one's mind
    - do you mind! - have a good mind to
    - have half a mind to
    - have a mind to
    - in one's mind's eye
    - in one's right mind
    - keep one's mind on
    - know one's own mind
    - make up one's mind
    - mind one's own business
    - never mind
    - on one's mind
    - put someone in mind of
    - put in mind of
    - speak one's mind
    - take/keep one's mind off
    - to my mind
    * * *
    [maɪnd]
    I. n
    1. (brain, intellect) Geist m, Verstand m
    she's one of the greatest \minds of today sie ist einer der größten Köpfe unserer Zeit
    it's a question of \mind over matter das ist eine reine Willensfrage
    he's got the \mind of a four-year-old! er hat den Verstand eines Vierjährigen!
    it was a triumph of \mind over matter hier war der Wille stärker
    in one's \mind eyes vor seinem geistigen Auge
    frame of \mind seelische Verfassung
    a fine \mind ein großer Geist
    to have a good \mind einen klaren Verstand haben
    to have a logical \mind logisch denken können
    to the Victorian \mind nach der viktorianischen Denkweise
    to use one's \mind seinen Verstand gebrauchen
    2. (sanity) Verstand m
    to be in one's right \mind noch ganz richtig im Kopf sein
    to be out of one's \mind den Verstand verloren haben
    to drive sb out of his/her \mind jdn wahnsinnig machen
    to lose [or go out of] one's \mind den Verstand verlieren
    3. (thoughts) Gedanken pl
    the idea never entered my \mind auf diesen Gedanken wäre ich gar nicht gekommen
    it went out of my \mind ich hab's vergessen
    you put that out of your \mind! das kannst du dir aus dem Kopf schlagen!
    I can't get that song out of my \mind das Lied will mir einfach nicht mehr aus dem Kopf gehen!
    sorry, my \mind is on other things tut mir leid, ich bin mit den Gedanken ganz woanders
    to be on one's \mind einen beschäftigen
    you're always on my \mind ich denke die ganze Zeit an dich
    what's on your \mind? woran denkst du?
    what's on your \mind! woran du nur wieder denkst!
    to be in the back of sb's \mind in jds Hinterkopf sein
    to bear [or keep] sth in \mind etw nicht vergessen
    bearing in \mind that... angesichts der Tatsache, dass...
    to bring [or call] sth to \mind (remember) sich akk etw in Erinnerung rufen; (remind) an etw akk erinnern
    to come [or spring] to sb's \mind jdm einfallen
    to have sb/sth in \mind an jdn/etw denken
    did you have anything special in \mind? dachten Sie an etwas Bestimmtes?
    to have a lot of things on one's \mind viele Sorgen haben
    to keep one's \mind on sth one's work sich akk auf etw akk konzentrieren
    sth puts sb in \mind of sth esp BRIT etw erinnert jdn an etw akk
    to put sb out of one's \mind jdn aus seinem Gedächtnis streichen
    to read sb's \mind jds Gedanken lesen
    to set one's \mind to do sth sich akk auf etw akk konzentrieren
    to take sb's \mind off sth jdn auf andere Gedanken bringen [o von etw dat ablenken
    nothing could be further from my \mind than... nichts läge mir ferner als...
    to have in \mind to do sth vorhaben, etw zu tun
    to know one's [own] \mind wissen, was man will
    to make up one's \mind sich akk entscheiden
    my \mind is made up! ich habe einen Entschluss gefasst!
    to set one's \mind on sth sich dat etw in den Kopf setzen
    5. usu sing (opinion) Meinung f, Ansicht f
    to my \mind... meiner Meinung nach...
    to give sb a piece of one's \mind jdm seine Meinung sagen
    to be of the same \mind der gleichen Meinung [o derselben Ansicht] sein
    I'm of the same \mind as you ich bin deiner Meinung
    to be in [or of] two \minds about sth sich dat über etw akk nicht im Klaren sein
    to change one's \mind es sich dat anders überlegen
    to have a \mind of one's own seinen eigenen Kopf haben
    to have half a [good] \mind to... gute Lust haben,...
    to be of a \mind to do sth ( form) geneigt sein, etw zu tun
    7.
    ▶ to be bored out of one's \mind sich akk zu Tode langweilen
    ▶ great \minds think alike ah, ich sehe, wir verstehen uns!
    II. vt
    ▪ to \mind sth auf etw akk aufpassen
    \mind your head [or that you don't bang your head] pass auf, dass du dir nicht den Kopf stößt
    \mind your head Vorsicht mit dem Kopf!
    here, \mind, he said when she trod on his foot passen Sie doch auf, sagte er, als sie ihm auf den Fuß trat
    \mind the step! Vorsicht Stufe!
    \mind how you go pass doch auf!; (as farewell) pass auf dich auf!
    \mind your language! ( dated) pass auf, was du sagst!
    2. (care about)
    ▪ to \mind sb sich akk um jdn kümmern
    don't \mind me kümmer dich nicht um mich
    don't \mind what she says kümmer dich nicht darum, was sie sagt
    and never \mind the expense und vergiss jetzt einfach mal die Kosten
    never \mind them — what about me? was kümmern mich die — was ist mit mir?
    never \mind her! vergiss sie doch einfach!
    never \mind how you got there... ist doch egal, wie du da hinkamst,...
    \mind your own business! kümmer dich um deine eigenen Angelegenheiten!
    I don't \mind the heat die Hitze macht mir nichts aus!
    I don't \mind what she does es ist mir egal, was sie macht!
    ▪ to \mind that... denk daran, dass...
    \mind you close the door when you leave vergiss nicht, die Tür zuzumachen, wenn du gehst
    \mind you get this done before she gets home sieh zu, dass du damit fertig wirst, bevor sie nach Hause kommt
    4. (look after)
    ▪ to \mind sb/sth auf jdn/etw aufpassen; ( fig)
    I'm \minding the shop ich kümmere mich hier um den Laden
    5. ( fam: object)
    ▪ to not \mind sth nichts gegen etw akk [einzuwenden] haben
    would you \mind holding this for me? würden Sie das [kurz] für mich halten?
    do you \mind my asking you a question? darf ich Ihnen eine Frage stellen?
    do you \mind calling me a taxi? würde es dir was ausmachen, mir ein Taxi zu rufen?
    do you \mind my smoking? stört es Sie, wenn ich rauche?
    I don't \mind her ich habe nichts gegen sie
    I wouldn't \mind a new car/a cup of tea gegen ein neues Auto/eine Tasse Tee hätte ich nichts einzuwenden!
    6.
    ▶ to \mind one's p's and q's sich akk gut benehmen
    ▶ \mind you allerdings
    \mind you, I'd love to have a cup of tea! also, gegen eine Tasse Tee hätte ich jetzt nichts einzuwenden!
    \mind you, she did try immerhin hat sie es versucht!
    III. vi
    1. (care) sich dat etwas daraus machen
    I don't \mind das ist mir egal
    sometime I wish he \minded a little more manchmal wünsche ich mir, dass es ihm ein bisschen mehr ausmachen würde
    never \mind! [ist doch] egal!
    never \mind, I'll do it myself! vergiss es, ich mach's selbst!
    never \mind, one day... mach dir nichts draus — eines Tages...
    never \mind about that mistake vergiss den Fehler einfach!
    never \mind about that now vergiss das jetzt mal
    never \mind about her — what about you? jetzt vergiss sie doch mal — was ist mit dir?
    never you \mind! jetzt kümmer dich mal nicht drum!
    2. (object) etwas dagegen haben
    do you \mind if I...? stört es Sie, wenn ich...?
    do you \mind! (don't!) ich muss doch sehr bitten!; (may I?) darf ich?
    nobody will \mind das wird niemanden stören
    if you don't \mind... wenn du nichts dagegen hast,...
    if you don't \mind me saying so,... ich hoffe, es macht dir nichts aus, dass ich dir das jetzt sage, aber...
    I don't \mind if I do ich hätte nichts dagegen
    3.
    ▶ never \mind... geschweige denn...
    * * *
    [maɪnd]
    1. NOUN
    1) = intellect Geist m (ALSO PHILOS), Verstand m

    to have a good mind —

    it's all in the mind —

    in one's mind's eye — vor seinem geistigen Auge, im Geiste

    to blow sb's mind (inf) — jdn umwerfen (inf); (drugs) jdn high machen (inf) → boggle, great, improve

    a triumph of mind over matter — ein Triumph des Geistes or Willens über den Körper

    2) = way of thinking Denkweise f; (= type of mind) Geist m, Kopf m

    to the child's/Victorian mind — in der Denkweise des Kindes/der viktorianischen Zeit

    to have a literary/logical etc mind — literarisch/logisch etc veranlagt sein

    state or frame of mind — (seelische) Verfassung, (Geistes)zustand m

    3) = thoughts Gedanken pl

    to be clear in one's mind about sth — sich (dat) über etw im Klaren sein

    she couldn't get or put the song/him out of her mind —

    his mind is set on that — er hat sich (dat) das in den Kopf gesetzt

    4) = memory Gedächtnis nt

    to bring or call sth to mind — etw in Erinnerung rufen, an etw (acc) erinnern

    5) = inclination Lust f; (= intention) Sinn m, Absicht f

    I've half a mind/a good mind to... —

    to be of a mind to do sth — geneigt sein, etw zu tun (geh)

    6) = opinion Meinung f, Ansicht f

    to change one's mind — seine Meinung ändern (about über +acc ), es sich (dat) anders überlegen

    to be in two minds about sth — sich (dat) über etw (acc) nicht im Klaren sein

    I'm of the same mind as you — ich denke wie du, ich bin deiner Meinung

    with one mind —

    7) = sanity Verstand m, Sinne pl

    to lose one's mind — verrückt werden, den Verstand verlieren

    nobody in his right mind —

    8)

    set structures __diams; in mind to bear or keep sth in mind — etw nicht vergessen; facts also, application etw im Auge behalten

    to bear or keep sb in mind — an jdn denken; applicant also jdn im Auge behalten

    with this in mind... — mit diesem Gedanken im Hinterkopf...

    to have sb/sth in mind — an jdn/etw denken

    to have in mind to do sth — vorhaben or im Sinn haben, etw zu tun

    to have it in mind to do sth — beabsichtigen or sich (dat) vorgenommen haben, etw zu tun

    it puts me in mind of sb/sth — es weckt in mir Erinnerungen an jdn/etw

    to go out of one's mind — verrückt werden, den Verstand verlieren

    to go out of one's mind with worry/grief — vor Sorge/Trauer den Verstand verlieren

    to drive sb out of his mind — jdn um den Verstand bringen, jdn wahnsinnig machen

    2. TRANSITIVE VERB
    1) = look after aufpassen auf (+acc); sb's chair, seat frei halten
    2) = be careful of aufpassen auf (+acc); (= pay attention to) achten auf (+acc); (= act in accordance with) beachten

    mind what you're doing! —

    mind what you're doing with that car mind what I say! (= do as I tell you) — pass mit dem Auto auf lass dir das gesagt sein hör auf das, was ich dir sage

    mind how you go — passen Sie auf, wo Sie hintreten

    mind your head! (Brit) — Kopf einziehen (inf), Vorsicht, niedrige Tür/Decke etc

    mind your feet! (Brit) (when sitting) — zieh die Füße ein!; (when moving) pass auf, wo du hintrittst!

    3) = care about sich kümmern um; (= object to) etwas haben gegen

    she minds/doesn't mind it — es macht ihr etwas/nichts aus

    I don't mind what he does —

    I don't mind four but six is too many — ich habe nichts gegen vier, aber sechs sind zu viel

    would you mind opening the door? — wären Sie so freundlich, die Tür aufzumachen?

    do you mind my smoking? —

    I don't mind telling you, I was shocked — ich war schockiert, das kannst du mir glauben

    I hope you don't mind my asking you/sitting here — ich hoffe, Sie haben nichts dagegen, wenn ich Sie frage/dass ich hier sitze

    don't mind me — lass dich (durch mich) nicht stören; (iro) nimm auf mich keine Rücksicht

    never mind the expense — (es ist) egal, was es kostet

    never mind that now — das ist jetzt nicht wichtig, lass das doch jetzt

    never mind your back, I'm worried about... — dein Rücken ist mir doch egal, ich mache mir Sorgen um...

    3. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) = care, worry sich kümmern, sich (dat) etwas daraus machen; (= object) etwas dagegen haben

    he doesn't seem to mind about anything —

    I wish he minded a little — ich wünschte, es würde ihm etwas ausmachen or ihn ein bisschen kümmern

    nobody seemed to mind — es schien keinem etwas auszumachen, niemand schien etwas dagegen zu haben

    I'd prefer to stand, if you don't mind — ich würde lieber stehen, wenn es Ihnen recht ist

    do you mind if I open or would you mind if I opened the window? — macht es Ihnen etwas aus, wenn ich das Fenster öffne?

    I don't mind if I do — ich hätte nichts dagegen __diams; never mind macht nichts, ist doch egal; (in exasperation) ist ja auch egal, schon gut

    never mind, you'll find another — mach dir nichts draus, du findest bestimmt einen anderen

    oh, never mind, I'll do it myself — ach, lass (es) or schon gut, ich mache es selbst

    never mind about that now! —

    never mind about what you said to him, what did he say to you? — es ist doch egal or unwichtig, was du zu ihm gesagt hast, was hat er zu dir gesagt?

    I'm not going to finish school, never mind go to university — ich werde die Schule nicht beenden und schon gar nicht zur Universität gehen __diams; never you mind! kümmere du dich mal nicht darum

    2) = be sure aufpassen

    mind and see if... — sieh zu, ob...

    mind you get that done — sieh zu, dass du das fertig bekommst

    I'm not saying I'll do it, mind — ich will damit aber nicht sagen, dass ich es tue

    he's not a bad lad, mind, just... — er ist eigentlich kein schlechter Junge, nur...

    he didn't do it, mind — er hat es (ja) nicht getan __diams; mind you

    mind you, I'd rather not go — ich würde eigentlich or allerdings lieber nicht gehen

    it was raining at the time, mind you — allerdings hat es da geregnet

    mind you, he did try/ask — er hat es immerhin versucht/hat immerhin gefragt

    he's quite good, mind you — er ist eigentlich ganz gut

    4. PHRASAL VERB
    * * *
    mind [maınd]
    A s
    1. Sinn m, Gemüt n, Herz n:
    his mind was on her all time er musste die ganze Zeit an sie denken;
    go through sb’s mind jemandem durch den Kopf gehen;
    have sth on one’s mind etwas auf dem Herzen haben;
    that might take his mind off his worries das lenkt ihn vielleicht von seinen Sorgen ab;
    his mind was not fully on the job er war nicht ganz bei der Sache; → weight A 7
    2. Seele f, Verstand m, Geist m:
    before one’s mind’s eye vor seinem geistigen Auge;
    see sth in one’s mind’s eye etwas im Geiste vor sich sehen;
    be of sound mind, be in one’s right mind bei (vollem) Verstand sein;
    anybody in their right mind jeder halbwegs Normale;
    it is all in the mind das ist rein seelisch bedingt oder reine Einbildung (Krankheit etc);
    of sound mind and memory JUR im Vollbesitz seiner geistigen Kräfte;
    of unsound mind geistesgestört, unzurechnungsfähig;
    be out of one’s mind nicht (recht) bei Sinnen sein, verrückt sein;
    drive ( oder send) sb out of their mind jemanden verrückt machen;
    lose one’s mind den Verstand verlieren;
    close ( oder shut) one’s mind to sth sich gegen etwas verschließen;
    have an open mind unvoreingenommen sein;
    keep an open mind sich noch nicht festlegen;
    cast back one’s mind sich zurückversetzen (to nach, in akk);
    enter sb’s mind jemandem in den Sinn kommen;
    give ( oder put, set) one’s mind to sth sich mit einer Sache befassen, sich einer Sache widmen;
    pay no mind to nicht achten auf (akk);
    put sth out of one’s mind sich etwas aus dem Kopf schlagen;
    read sb’s mind jemandes Gedanken lesen;
    set one’s mind on sth sich etwas in den Kopf setzen;
    set one’s mind on doing sth es sich in den Kopf setzen, etwas zu tun;
    it has slipped (from) my mind es ist mir entfallen; → blow1 C 7, presence 1
    3. Geist m ( auch PHIL):
    things of the mind geistige Dinge;
    his is a fine mind er hat einen feinen Verstand, er ist ein kluger Kopf;
    one of the greatest minds of his time fig einer der größten Geister seiner Zeit;
    the best minds in the country die klügsten Köpfe im Lande;
    (the triumph of) mind over matter der Sieg des Geistes über die Materie; → history 1
    4. Meinung f, Ansicht f:
    in ( oder to) my mind
    a) meiner Ansicht nach, meines Erachtens,
    b) nach meinem Sinn oder Geschmack;
    be of sb’s mind jemandes Meinung sein;
    change one’s mind sich anders besinnen, es sich anders überlegen;
    change one’s mind about seine Meinung ändern über (akk);
    speak one’s mind (freely) seine Meinung frei äußern;
    give sb a piece ( oder bit) of one’s mind jemandem gründlich die Meinung sagen;
    know one’s (own) mind wissen, was man will;
    be in (US of) two minds about mit sich selbst nicht einig sein über (akk);
    there can be no two minds about it darüber kann es keine geteilte Meinung geben;
    be of one mind einer Meinung sein (about, on über akk);
    many men, many minds (Sprichwort) viele Köpfe, viele Sinne
    5. Neigung f, Lust f, Absicht f:
    have a good (half a) mind to do sth gute (nicht übel) Lust haben, etwas zu tun;
    have sth in mind etwas im Sinn haben;
    this is exactly what I had in mind das ist genau das, was mir vorschwebte oder was ich mir vorstellte;
    I have you in mind ich denke (dabei) an dich;
    have it in mind to do sth beabsichtigen, etwas zu tun;
    make up one’s mind
    a) sich entschließen, einen Entschluss fassen,
    b) zu dem Schluss oder zu der Überzeugung kommen ( that dass), sich klar werden ( about über akk);
    have you made up your mind yet? (im Restaurant) haben Sie schon gewählt?;
    I can’t make up your mind! du musst deine Entscheidung(en) schon selbst treffen!
    6. Erinnerung f, Gedächtnis n:
    bear ( oder keep) sth in mind (immer) an eine Sache denken, etwas nicht vergessen, etwas bedenken, etwas im Auge halten;
    a) etwas ins Gedächtnis zurückrufen, an eine Sache erinnern,
    b) sich etwas ins Gedächtnis zurückrufen, sich an eine Sache erinnern;
    I can’t get it out of my mind ich muss ständig daran denken, es beschäftigt mich ständig;
    it went ( right, umg clean) out of his mind er hat es (ganz oder total) vergessen;
    put sb in mind of sth jemanden an etwas erinnern;
    nothing comes to mind nichts fällt einem (dabei) ein;
    from time out of mind seit undenklichen Zeiten; → erase 3, wipe out 2
    B v/t
    1. beachten, achtgeben oder achten auf (akk):
    mind you write umg denk daran oder vergiss nicht zu schreiben
    2. achtgeben auf (akk), sich hüten vor (dat):
    mind your head! stoß dir den Kopf nicht an!; → step A 1, A 7, A 9
    3. sorgen für, sehen nach:
    mind the fire nach dem Feuer sehen;
    mind the children sich um die Kinder kümmern, die Kinder hüten oder beaufsichtigen;
    mind your own business kümmere dich um deine eigenen Dinge!;
    never mind him kümmere dich nicht um ihn!;
    never you mind what … umg es geht dich gar nichts an, was …;
    don’t mind me lassen Sie sich durch mich nicht stören!
    4. etwas haben gegen, etwas nicht gern sehen oder mögen, sich stoßen an (dat):
    do you mind my smoking? haben Sie etwas dagegen oder stört es Sie, wenn ich rauche?;
    would you mind coming? würden Sie so freundlich sein zu kommen?;
    she was, she didn’t mind admitting, very lonely sie war, wie sie unumwunden oder freimütig zugab, sehr einsam;
    I don’t mind it ich habe nichts dagegen, meinetwegen, von mir aus (gern);
    I would not mind a cup of coffee ich hätte nichts gegen eine Tasse Kaffee
    5. schott sich erinnern an (akk)
    C v/i
    1. aufpassen:
    a) wohlgemerkt,
    b) allerdings;
    he’s very nice, mind you, but … er ist eigentlich sehr nett, aber …;
    never mind lass es gut sein!, es hat nichts zu sagen!, macht nichts!, schon gut! ( → C 2)
    2. etwas dagegen haben:
    I don’t mind ich habe nichts dagegen, meinetwegen, von mir aus (gern);
    I don’t mind if he goes meinetwegen kann er gehen;
    do you mind if I smoke? haben Sie etwas dagegen oder stört es Sie, wenn ich rauche?;
    I don’t mind if I do umg
    a) ja, ganz gern oder ich möchte schon,
    b) ich bin so frei;
    nobody seemed to mind es schien niemandem etwas auszumachen;
    do you mind!
    a) ich muss doch sehr bitten!,
    b) passen Sie doch auf!;
    do you mind!, can’t you see I’m busy? sehen Sie (denn) nicht, dass ich beschäftigt bin?;
    he minds a great deal es macht ihm sehr viel aus, es stört ihn sehr;
    never mind mach dir nichts draus! ( → C 1)
    3. mind out Br aufpassen ( for auf akk)
    * * *
    1. noun

    bear or keep something in mind — an etwas (Akk.) denken; etwas nicht vergessen

    have in mind to do something — vorhaben, etwas zu tun

    it went out of my mind — ich habe es vergessen; es ist mir entfallen

    put something/somebody out of one's mind — etwas/jemanden aus seinem Gedächtnis streichen

    in or to my mind — meiner Meinung od. Ansicht nach

    be of one or of the same mind, be in one mind — einer Meinung sein

    be in two minds about something — [sich (Dat.)] unschlüssig über etwas (Akk.) sein

    I have a good mind/half a mind to do that — ich hätte große Lust/nicht übel Lust, das zu tun

    make up one's mind, make one's mind up — sich entscheiden

    make up one's mind to do something — sich entschließen, etwas zu tun

    give or put or turn one's mind to — sich konzentrieren auf (+ Akk.) [Arbeit, Aufgabe, Angelegenheit]

    I have had somebody/something on my mind — jemand/etwas hat mich beschäftigt; (worried) ich habe mir Sorgen wegen jemandem/etwas gemacht

    something preys or weighs on somebody's mind — etwas macht jemandem zu schaffen

    close one's mind to something — sich einer Sache (Dat.) verschließen (geh.)

    frame of mind — [seelische] Verfassung

    state of mind — [Geistes]zustand, der

    be in a frame of mind to do something — in der Verfassung sein, etwas zu tun

    5) (seat of consciousness, thought, volition) Geist, der

    in my mind's eye — vor meinem geistigen Auge; im Geiste

    nothing could be further from my mind than... — nichts läge mir ferner, als...

    6) (intellectual powers) Verstand, der; Intellekt, der

    have a very good mind — einen klaren od. scharfen Verstand haben

    great minds think alike — (joc.) große Geister denken [eben] gleich

    7) (normal mental faculties) Verstand, der

    lose or go out of one's mind — den Verstand verlieren

    2. transitive verb

    let's do it, and never mind the expense — machen wir es doch, egal, was es kostet

    he minds a lot what people think of him — es ist für ihn sehr wichtig, was die Leute von ihm denken

    I can't afford a bicycle, never mind a car — ich kann mir kein Fahrrad leisten, geschweige denn ein Auto

    never mind him/that — (don't be anxious) er/das kann dir doch egal sein (ugs.)

    never mind how/where... — es tut nichts zur Sache, wie/wo...

    don't mind me — nimm keine Rücksicht auf mich; (don't let my presence disturb you) lass dich [durch mich] nicht stören; (iron.) nimm bloß keine Rücksicht auf mich

    3) usu. neg. or interrog. (object to)

    did he mind being woken up? — hat es ihm was ausgemacht, aufgeweckt zu werden?

    do you mind my smoking? — stört es Sie od. haben Sie etwas dagegen, wenn ich rauche?

    mind you don't leave anything behind — denk daran, nichts liegen lassen!

    mind how you go! — pass auf! sei vorsichtig!; (as general farewell) mach's gut! (ugs.)

    mind you get this work done — sieh zu, dass du mit dieser Arbeit fertig wirst!

    5) (have charge of) aufpassen auf (+ Akk.)

    mind the shop or (Amer.) the store — (fig.) sich um den Laden kümmern (ugs.)

    3. intransitive verb
    1)

    mind! — Vorsicht!; Achtung!

    2) usu. in imper. (take note)

    follow the signposts, mind, or... — denk daran und halte dich an die Wegweiser, sonst...

    I didn't know that, mind, or... — das habe ich allerdings nicht gewusst, sonst...

    3) (care, object)

    do you mind? — (may I?) hätten Sie etwas dagegen?; (please do not) ich muss doch sehr bitten

    he doesn't mind about your using the car — er hat nichts dagegen, wenn Sie den Wagen benutzen

    never [you] mind — (it's not important) macht nichts; ist nicht schlimm; (it's none of your business) sei nicht so neugierig

    never mind: I can do it — schon gut - das kann ich machen

    never mind about that now! — lass das jetzt mal [sein/liegen]!

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Absicht -en f.
    Ansicht -en f.
    Geist -er m.
    Gemüt -er n.
    Meinung -en f.
    Phantasie -n f.
    Sinn -e m.
    Verstand -¨e m. v.
    beachten v.

    English-german dictionary > mind

  • 5 Mind

       It becomes, therefore, no inconsiderable part of science... to know the different operations of the mind, to separate them from each other, to class them under their proper heads, and to correct all that seeming disorder in which they lie involved when made the object of reflection and inquiry.... It cannot be doubted that the mind is endowed with several powers and faculties, that these powers are distinct from one another, and that what is really distinct to the immediate perception may be distinguished by reflection and, consequently, that there is a truth and falsehood which lie not beyond the compass of human understanding. (Hume, 1955, p. 22)
       Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white Paper, void of all Characters, without any Ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless Fancy of Man has painted on it, with an almost endless variety? Whence has it all the materials of Reason and Knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. (Locke, quoted in Herrnstein & Boring, 1965, p. 584)
       The kind of logic in mythical thought is as rigorous as that of modern science, and... the difference lies, not in the quality of the intellectual process, but in the nature of things to which it is applied.... Man has always been thinking equally well; the improvement lies, not in an alleged progress of man's mind, but in the discovery of new areas to which it may apply its unchanged and unchanging powers. (Leґvi-Strauss, 1963, p. 230)
       MIND. A mysterious form of matter secreted by the brain. Its chief activity consists in the endeavor to ascertain its own nature, the futility of the attempt being due to the fact that it has nothing but itself to know itself with. (Bierce, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 55)
       [Philosophy] understands the foundations of knowledge and it finds these foundations in a study of man-as-knower, of the "mental processes" or the "activity of representation" which make knowledge possible. To know is to represent accurately what is outside the mind, so to understand the possibility and nature of knowledge is to understand the way in which the mind is able to construct such representation.... We owe the notion of a "theory of knowledge" based on an understanding of "mental processes" to the seventeenth century, and especially to Locke. We owe the notion of "the mind" as a separate entity in which "processes" occur to the same period, and especially to Descartes. We owe the notion of philosophy as a tribunal of pure reason, upholding or denying the claims of the rest of culture, to the eighteenth century and especially to Kant, but this Kantian notion presupposed general assent to Lockean notions of mental processes and Cartesian notions of mental substance. (Rorty, 1979, pp. 3-4)
       Under pressure from the computer, the question of mind in relation to machine is becoming a central cultural preoccupation. It is becoming for us what sex was to Victorians-threat, obsession, taboo, and fascination. (Turkle, 1984, p. 313)
       7) Understanding the Mind Remains as Resistant to Neurological as to Cognitive Analyses
       Recent years have been exciting for researchers in the brain and cognitive sciences. Both fields have flourished, each spurred on by methodological and conceptual developments, and although understanding the mechanisms of mind is an objective shared by many workers in these areas, their theories and approaches to the problem are vastly different....
       Early experimental psychologists, such as Wundt and James, were as interested in and knowledgeable about the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system as about the young science of the mind. However, the experimental study of mental processes was short-lived, being eclipsed by the rise of behaviorism early in this century. It was not until the late 1950s that the signs of a new mentalism first appeared in scattered writings of linguists, philosophers, computer enthusiasts, and psychologists.
       In this new incarnation, the science of mind had a specific mission: to challenge and replace behaviorism. In the meantime, brain science had in many ways become allied with a behaviorist approach.... While behaviorism sought to reduce the mind to statements about bodily action, brain science seeks to explain the mind in terms of physiochemical events occurring in the nervous system. These approaches contrast with contemporary cognitive science, which tries to understand the mind as it is, without any reduction, a view sometimes described as functionalism.
       The cognitive revolution is now in place. Cognition is the subject of contemporary psychology. This was achieved with little or no talk of neurons, action potentials, and neurotransmitters. Similarly, neuroscience has risen to an esteemed position among the biological sciences without much talk of cognitive processes. Do the fields need each other?... [Y]es because the problem of understanding the mind, unlike the wouldbe problem solvers, respects no disciplinary boundaries. It remains as resistant to neurological as to cognitive analyses. (LeDoux & Hirst, 1986, pp. 1-2)
       Since the Second World War scientists from different disciplines have turned to the study of the human mind. Computer scientists have tried to emulate its capacity for visual perception. Linguists have struggled with the puzzle of how children acquire language. Ethologists have sought the innate roots of social behaviour. Neurophysiologists have begun to relate the function of nerve cells to complex perceptual and motor processes. Neurologists and neuropsychologists have used the pattern of competence and incompetence of their brain-damaged patients to elucidate the normal workings of the brain. Anthropologists have examined the conceptual structure of cultural practices to advance hypotheses about the basic principles of the mind. These days one meets engineers who work on speech perception, biologists who investigate the mental representation of spatial relations, and physicists who want to understand consciousness. And, of course, psychologists continue to study perception, memory, thought and action.
    ... [W]orkers in many disciplines have converged on a number of central problems and explanatory ideas. They have realized that no single approach is likely to unravel the workings of the mind: it will not give up its secrets to psychology alone; nor is any other isolated discipline-artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropology, neurophysiology, philosophy-going to have any greater success. (Johnson-Laird, 1988, p. 7)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Mind

  • 6 mind

    maɪnd
    1. сущ.
    1) а) разум;
    умственные способности;
    ум on one's mind ≈ в мыслях, на уме out of one's mind ≈ помешанный, не в своем уме to be in one's right mind ≈ быть в здравом уме to bear, keep smth. in mind ≈ иметь что-л. в виду to cross one's mind ≈ приходить в голову to cultivate, develop one's mind ≈ развивать/совершенствовать свои способности to keep one's mind on smth. ≈ не переставая думать о чем-л. to live with one's own mind ≈ жить своим умом to put, set one's mind to smth. ≈ решить что-л. to set one's mind at ease ≈ успокоиться to take one's mind off smth. ≈ перестать думать о чем-л. the great minds of the world ≈ великие умы человечества to lose one's mind ≈ потерять голову, сойти с ума clear mind ≈ ясная голова closed mind ≈ ограниченность disciplined mind ≈ дисциплинированный ум open mind ≈ открытый, восприимчивый ум scientific mind ≈ научный склад ума sound mind ≈ здравый ум Syn: head, intellect, intelligence, reason б) мышление, умственная деятельность
    2) а) память;
    воспоминание Keep that in mind. ≈ Сохрани это в памяти. to bring to mind, call to mind ≈ напомнить to have in mind, bear in mind, keep in mind ≈ помнить, иметь в виду to be out of mind, go out of mind, pass out of mind ≈ выскочить из памяти, быть забытым time out of mind ≈ с незапамятных времен within time of mind, time within mind of man ≈ в пределах человеческой памяти put smb. in mind Syn: recollection, remembrance, memory б) уст. церемония в память о чем-л.;
    поминание Syn: commemoration, memorial
    1.
    3) мнение, взгляд, точка зрения to be of one/a mind with smb., to be of smb.'s mind ≈ быть одного и того же мнения с кем-л. to be of the same mind ≈ быть единодушным, придерживаться одного мнения;
    оставаться при своем мнении to give smb. a piece of one's mind ≈ высказывать кому-л. свое мнение to have an open mind ≈ быть объективным, непредубежденным to read smb.'s mind ≈ читать чужие мысли to speak one's mind, to tell (a person) one's mind, to let (a person) know one's mind ≈ высказать свою точку зрения, высказать все откровенно to my mind ≈ по моему мнению Syn: opinion, view
    1., judgement
    4) желание, намерение, склонность (сделать что-л.) ;
    преим. во фразах: change one's mind make up one's mind make up one's mind to be in two minds be in twenty minds have half a mind have a good mind have a great mind know one's own mind Syn: intention, purpose
    1., desire
    1.
    5) настроение, расположение духа state of mind Syn: disposition
    1., mood I, inclination
    6) дух (душа) deep in one's mind ≈ (глубоко) в душе mind's eye ≈ духовное око, мысленный взгляд
    7) (Mind) церк. Бог ∙ many men, many minds, no two minds think alike ≈ сколько голов, столько умов out of sight, out of mind посл. ≈ с глаз долой - из сердца вон
    2. гл.
    1) а) редк. напоминать Syn: remind б) арх. или диал. помнить Syn: remember
    2) заниматься, выполнять;
    присматривать за (кем/чем-л.) to mind the shop ≈ присматривать за лавкой Please mind the fire. ≈ Пожалуйста, последите за камином. Mind your own business. ≈ Занимайся своим делом.
    3) а) следить, обращать внимание Mind your manners. ≈ Следите за своими манерами. б) слушаться( кого-л.), прислушиваться( к кому-л.) Mind your parends. ≈ Слушай своих родителей. Syn: obey
    4) а) беспокоиться, быть озабоченным, тревожиться Never mind your mistake. ≈ Не беспокойтесь об ошибке. б) возражать, иметь что-л. против( в вопр. или отриц. предложении, а также в утверд. ответе) I don't mind if you go. ≈ Я не против того, чтобы ты пошел. She doesn't mind the cold. ≈ Она ничего не имеет против холода. I wouldn't mind a cup of tea. ≈ Не откажусь от чашки чая. Do you mind my smoking? ≈ Вы не будете возражать, если я закурю? I don't mind it a bit. ≈ Нет, нисколько. Yes, I mind it very much. ≈ Нет, я очень против этого. I shouldn't mind ≈ я не прочь Syn: object II
    5) а) быть внимательным, аккуратным;
    не забыть выполнить (дела, обязанности и т. п.) Mind you finish it. ≈ Не забудь закончить это. Mind you're not late. ≈ Смотрите, не опоздайте. б) беречься, оберегаться, остерегаться Mind the broken glass. ≈ Остерегайся разбитого стекла. ум, разум - to enter /to cross, to come into/ one's * прийти на ум /в голову/, осенить - his * was filled with sad thoughts его одолевали печальные мысли - on one's * на уме, в мыслях - she has smth. on her * у нее что-то на уме;
    ее что-то тревожит - what have you in *? что ты собираешься сделать?;
    что у тебя на уме?;
    что ты имеешь в виду? - it preys on my * это меня угнетает /тяготит/ - to get smth. into one's * забрать себе что-л. в голову;
    понять что-л. - to get smth. out of one's * выбросить что-л. из головы - to have /to get/ smth. off one's * перестать думать о чем-л.;
    избавиться от мыслей о чем-л. - to poison smb.'s * against smb. настроить кого-л. против кого-л. - where's my *? (разговорное) о чем я думаю? умственные способности, интеллект, ум;
    мышление, умственная деятельность - * game интеллектуальная игра - a pedestrian * посредственность - to possess unusual powers of * обладать недюжинным умом /недюжинными способностями/ - the great *s of our age великие умы нашего времени - I don't understand how his * works я не понимаю ход его мыслей - he has a very good * он очень способный (человек) рассудок, ум - presence of * присутствие духа, хладнокровие - to be of sound *, to be sound in *, to be in one's right * быть в здравом уме - to be clear in one's own * ясно представлять себе, отдавать себе ясный отчет - to be out of one's (right) * быть не в своем уме;
    быть сумасшедшим;
    сходить с ума, быть в отчаянии /вне себя/ - you must be out of your *! вы с ума сошли! - she was out of her * with grief она сходила с ума от горя - to go out of one's * сходить с ума;
    терять рассудок - his * has gone, he has lost his * он не в своем уме - to drive /to send/ smb. out of his * сводить кого-л. с ума;
    доводить кого-л. до сумасшествия память - absence of * забывчивость;
    рассеянность - to bear /to keep/ in * помнить;
    запоминать;
    иметь в виду - bear that in *! запомни это!;
    имей это в виду! - with present-day conditions in * учитывая сегодняшнюю действительность, имея в виду условия современной жизни - to bring /to call/ to * вспоминать, припоминать;
    воскрешать в памяти;
    напоминать - I called his words to * я вспомнил его слова - this brings to * another story это (мне) напоминает еще один /другой/ случай - to put smb. in * of smth. напоминать кому-л. о чем-л. - he puts me in * of his father он напоминает мне своего отца - to cast one's * back вспомнить прошлое /былое/ - to go /to pass/ out of (one's) *, to slip one's * быть забытым;
    выскочить из головы - it went clean out of my * (разговорное) я начисто забыл об этом - to put /to get/ smth. out of (one's) * забыть что-л. - time out of * незапамятные времена;
    испокон веку( устаревшее) поминание;
    поминальная служба настроение, состояние духа - cheerful * хорошее настроение - peace of * спокойствие духа - I was easy in my * у меня было спокойно на душе - in a good state /frame/ of * в хорошем настроении, расположении направление мыслей;
    склад ума - reactionary * реакционные /консервативные/ взгляды /убеждения/ (откровенное) мнение;
    взгляд - to speak one's * (out) откровенно высказываться - to tell smb. one's *, to let smb. know one's * откровенно высказать кому-л. свое мнение или неодобрение - I gave him a piece of my * (разговорное) я ему высказал все, что думал - to be of smb.'s *, to be of the same * as smb. быть одного мнения с кем-л., придерживаться того же мнения - they were all of one * все они придерживались одного мнения, они достигли единодушного решения;
    они пришли к соглашению - with one * единодушно - to be of the same * быть единодушным, придерживаться одного мнения;
    оставаться при своем мнении - to keep an open * on smth. сохранять объективность в подходе к вопросу, делу - to have an open * быть непредубежденным - meeting of *s (американизм) соглашение, единство взглядов - to smb.'s * по чьему-л. мнению - to my * you are right по-моему, ты прав;
    на мой взгляд, ты прав намерение, желание - to have a * to do smth. иметь намерение /быть склонным/ сделать что-л. - to have a good /a great/ * to do smth. очень хотеть что-л. сделать - I have a great * to speak to him вот возьму да и поговорю с ним - to have half a * to do smth. быть не прочь /быть склонным/ что-л. сделать - to know one's own * не колебаться, твердо знать, чего хочешь - he doesn't know his own * он сам не знает, чего (он) хочет - to change /to alter/ one's * передумать, изменить свое решение /свои намерения/ - to be in /of/ two *s быть /находиться/ в нерешительности, колебаться;
    не знать на что решиться - to smb.'s * в соответствии с чьими-л. желаниями;
    по чьему-л. вкусу мысли, думы;
    стремление, помыслы - to set one's * on smth. очень хотеть чего-л.;
    сосредоточить все свои помыслы на чем-л.;
    поставить себе какую-л. цель - he has set his * on becoming an engineer он твердо решил стать инженером - my * was (set) on other things я думал о других вещах - to give /to turn/ one's * to smth. обратить свое внимание на что-л.;
    сосредоточить свои мысли /помыслы/ на чем-л.;
    приложить старания к чему-л. - to keep one's * on smth. все время думать о чем-л.;
    сосредоточить свое внимание на чем-л. - you must keep your * on your work ты должен все время думать о своей работе - he turned his * to his work он сосредоточился на своей работе - to read smb.'s * читать чужие мысли - to be on smb.'s * поглощать чье-л. внимание - to take one's * off smth. перестать думать о чем-л. - to take smb.'s * off smth. отвлекать чье-л. внимание от чего-л. - it took her * off her troubles это отвлекло ее от забот /от переживаний/ - to bring one's * to bear on smth. обратить свое внимание на что-л. - I set his * at rest я его успокоил дух;
    душа - * and body душа и тело - the *'s eye мысленный взгляд, воображение > to make up one's * решиться;
    принять решение > to make up one's * to smth. смириться с чем-л. > so many men so many *s (пословица) сколько голов, столько умов > a sound * in a sound body( пословица) в здоровом теле здоровый дух > out of sight, out of * (пословица) с глаз долой - из сердца вон в вопросительных или отрицательных предложениях, а также в утвердительном ответе возражать, иметь (что-л.) против - if you don't * если вы не возражаете - do you * if I smoke?, do you * my smoking?, would you * my smoking? вы не будете возражать, если я закурю? - no, I don't * (it) нет, я не возражаю /ничего не имею против/ - yes, I * it (very much) нет, я (решительно) возражаю - I shouldn't * a cup of tea я не прочь выпить чашку чаю - would you * ringing? будьте любезны, позвоните;
    не будете ли вы так любезны позвонить? - would you * holding your tongue? попридержи свой язык, пожалуйста заботиться;
    волноваться, беспокоиться, тревожиться - he *s your attitude very much его очень волнует ваше отношение - I do not * what you do мне все равно, что вы сделаете - he doesn't * the cold weather холодная погода ему нипочем - I don't * what people say меня не волнует, что говорят люди обыкн. в повелительном предложении обращать внимание, считаться( с чем-л.) - don't * me не обращайте внимания на меня - never * him не обращайте на него внимания - never * the expense не останавливайтесь перед расходами обыкн. в повелительном предложении прислушиваться (к советам и т. п.) ;
    слушаться - the dog *s his master собака слушается своего хозяина - * what I say (внимательно) слушай, что я говорю - if he had *ed me если бы он меня послушал - * and do what you are told слушайся и изволь делать то, что тебе говорят обыкн. в повелительном предложении остерегаться, беречься, обращать внимание - * the step! осторожно! ступенька! - * the dog берегись собаки - * your health береги свое здоровье - * what you are doing! осторожнее! - * your language! выражайтесь повежливее! обыкн. в повелительном предложении не забыть сделать (что-л.) - * you write не забудь(те) написать - * you don't forget смотри не забудь - * you bring the book (смотрите) не забудьте принести книгу обыкн. в повелительном предложении обратить внимание, заметить - I have no objection, * (you), but... я не возражаю, заметь, но... - not a word, *! помните, никому ни слова! заботиться (о чем-л., ком-л.) ;
    смотреть, присматривать ( за чем-л., кем-л.) ;
    заниматься (чем-л.) - to * the baby присматривать за ребенком - to * one's business заниматься своим делом - * your own business! не вмешивайся в чужие дела! - I asked him if he'd * my bags я попросил его присмотреть за моими чемоданами (устаревшее) (диалектизм) помнить (редкое) напоминать (устаревшее) внимательно следить, внимать( устаревшее) (диалектизм) намереваться > never *! не волнуйся, не обращай внимания!, стоит ли беспокоиться!;
    ничего!, все равно!, не беда!;
    это несущественно!;
    не твое дело! > where have you been? - Never you *! где вы были? - Не ваша забота /печаль/ > to * one's P's and Q's следить за собой, за своими словами, соблюдать осторожность или приличия > * your eye! держи ухо востро!, берегись!, гляди в оба! ~ разум;
    умственные способности;
    ум;
    to be in one's right mind быть в здравом уме;
    out of one's mind помешанный, не в своем уме to know one's own ~ не колебаться, твердо знать, чего хочешь;
    to be in two minds колебаться, находиться в нерешительности ~ мнение;
    мысль;
    взгляд;
    to be of one (или а) mind (with) быть одного и того же мнения (с) to be of the same ~ быть единодушным, придерживаться одного мнения to be of the same ~ оставаться при своем мнении;
    to speak one's mind говорить откровенно;
    to change (или to alter) one's mind передумать;
    to my mind по моему мнению to bring to ~ напомнить do you ~ my smoking? вы не будете возражать, если я закурю?;
    I don't mind it a bit нет, нисколько to go (или to pass) out of ~ выскочить из памяти to live with one's own ~ жить своим умом;
    the great minds of the world великие умы человечества;
    on one's mind в мыслях, на уме to have an open ~ быть объективным, непредубежденным ~ память;
    воспоминание;
    to have (или to bear, to keep) in mind помнить, иметь в виду do you ~ my smoking? вы не будете возражать, если я закурю?;
    I don't mind it a bit нет, нисколько ~ намерение, желание;
    I have a great (или good) mind to do it у меня большое желание это сделать yes, I ~ it very much нет, я очень против этого;
    I shouldn't mind я не прочь yes, I ~ it very much нет, я очень против этого;
    I shouldn't mind я не прочь it was not to his ~ это было ему не по вкусу to know one's own ~ не колебаться, твердо знать, чего хочешь;
    to be in two minds колебаться, находиться в нерешительности to live with one's own ~ жить своим умом;
    the great minds of the world великие умы человечества;
    on one's mind в мыслях, на уме to make up one's ~ решить(ся) to make up one's ~ (to smth.) смириться (с чем-л.) many men, many minds, no two minds think alike = сколько голов, столько умов many men, many minds, no two minds think alike = сколько голов, столько умов mind беспокоиться ~ (в вопр. или отриц. предложении, а также в утверд. ответе) возражать, иметь (что-л.) против ~ дух (душа) ;
    mind's eye духовное око, мысленный взгляд;
    deep in one's mind (глубоко) в душе ~ заботиться, заниматься (чем-л.) ;
    смотреть (за чем-л.) ;
    to mind the shop присматривать за лавкой;
    please mind the fire пожалуйста, последите за камином ~ заботиться ~ мнение;
    мысль;
    взгляд;
    to be of one (или а) mind (with) быть одного и того же мнения (с) ~ намерение, желание;
    I have a great (или good) mind to do it у меня большое желание это сделать ~ остерегаться, беречься;
    mind the step! осторожно, там ступенька! ~ память;
    воспоминание;
    to have (или to bear, to keep) in mind помнить, иметь в виду ~ помнить;
    mind our agreement не забудьте о нашем соглашении;
    mind and do what you're told не забудьте сделать то, что вам велели ~ присматривать ~ психическое здоровье ~ разум;
    умственные способности;
    ум;
    to be in one's right mind быть в здравом уме;
    out of one's mind помешанный, не в своем уме ~ рассудок ~ помнить;
    mind our agreement не забудьте о нашем соглашении;
    mind and do what you're told не забудьте сделать то, что вам велели to ~ one's P's and Q's следить за собой, за своими словами, соблюдать осторожность или приличия;
    mind your eye! = держи ухо востро! ~ помнить;
    mind our agreement не забудьте о нашем соглашении;
    mind and do what you're told не забудьте сделать то, что вам велели ~ заботиться, заниматься (чем-л.) ;
    смотреть (за чем-л.) ;
    to mind the shop присматривать за лавкой;
    please mind the fire пожалуйста, последите за камином ~ остерегаться, беречься;
    mind the step! осторожно, там ступенька! to ~ one's P's and Q's следить за собой, за своими словами, соблюдать осторожность или приличия;
    mind your eye! = держи ухо востро! ~ дух (душа) ;
    mind's eye духовное око, мысленный взгляд;
    deep in one's mind (глубоко) в душе to be of the same ~ оставаться при своем мнении;
    to speak one's mind говорить откровенно;
    to change (или to alter) one's mind передумать;
    to my mind по моему мнению never ~ ничего, неважно, не беспокойтесь, не беда never ~ the cost (или the expense) не останавливайтесь перед расходами many men, many minds, no two minds think alike = сколько голов, столько умов of sound ~ в здравом уме of unsound ~ душевнобольной unsound: ~ нездоровый, больной;
    болезненный;
    of unsound mind сумасшедший, душевнобольной to live with one's own ~ жить своим умом;
    the great minds of the world великие умы человечества;
    on one's mind в мыслях, на уме ~ разум;
    умственные способности;
    ум;
    to be in one's right mind быть в здравом уме;
    out of one's mind помешанный, не в своем уме ~ заботиться, заниматься (чем-л.) ;
    смотреть (за чем-л.) ;
    to mind the shop присматривать за лавкой;
    please mind the fire пожалуйста, последите за камином to read (smb.'s) ~ читать чужие мысли read: to ~ (smb.'s) mind (или thoughts) читать чужие мысли;
    to read (smb.'s) hand (или palm) гадать по руке to be of the same ~ оставаться при своем мнении;
    to speak one's mind говорить откровенно;
    to change (или to alter) one's mind передумать;
    to my mind по моему мнению split ~ = split personality split ~ = split personality personality: split ~ раздвоение личности

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > mind

  • 7 mind

    1. [maınd] n
    1. 1) ум, разум

    to enter /to cross, to come into/ one's mind - прийти на ум /в голову/, осенить

    on one's mind - на уме, в мыслях

    she has smth. on her mind - у неё что-то на уме; её что-то тревожит

    what have you in mind? - а) что ты собираешься сделать?; что у тебя на уме?; б) что ты имеешь в виду?

    it preys on my mind - это меня угнетает /тяготит/

    to get smth. into one's mind - а) забрать себе что-л. в голову; б) понять что-л.

    to get smth. out of one's mind - выбросить что-л. из головы [ср. тж. 2, 1)]

    to have /to get/ smth. off one's mind - перестать думать о чём-л.; избавиться от мыслей о чём-л.

    to poison smb.'s mind against smb. - настроить кого-л. против кого-л.

    where's my mind? - разг. о чём я думаю?

    2) умственные способности, интеллект, ум; мышление, умственная деятельность

    to possess unusual powers of mind - обладать недюжинным умом /недюжинными способностями/

    the great [best] minds of our age - великие [лучшие] умы нашего времени

    3) рассудок, ум

    presence of mind - присутствие духа, хладнокровие

    to be of sound mind, to be sound in mind, to be in one's right mind - быть в здравом уме

    to be clear in one's own mind - ясно представлять себе, отдавать себе ясный отчёт

    to be out of one's (right) mind - а) быть не в своём уме; быть сумасшедшим; you must be out of your mind! - вы с ума сошли!; б) сходить с ума, быть в отчаянии /вне себя/

    she was out of her mind with grief [with fear] - она сходила с ума от горя [от страха]

    to go out of one's mind - сходить с ума; терять рассудок

    his mind has gone, he has lost his mind - он не в своём уме

    to drive /to send/ smb. out of his mind - сводить кого-л. с ума; доводить кого-л. до сумасшествия

    2. 1) память

    absence of mind - забывчивость; рассеянность

    to bear /to keep/ in mind - помнить; запоминать; иметь в виду

    bear that in mind! - запомни это!; имей это в виду!

    with present-day conditions in mind - учитывая сегодняшнюю действительность, имея в виду условия современной жизни

    to bring /to call/ to mind - а) вспоминать, припоминать; I called his words to mind - я вспомнил его слова; б) воскрешать в памяти; напоминать

    this brings to mind another story - это (мне) напоминает ещё один /другой/ случай

    to put smb. in mind of smth. - напоминать кому-л. о чём-л.

    to cast one's mind back - вспомнить прошлое /былое/

    to go /to pass/ out of (one's) mind, to slip one's mind - быть забытым; выскочить из головы

    it went clean out of my mind - разг. я начисто забыл об этом

    to put /to get/ smth. out of (one's) mind - забыть что-л. [ср. тж. 1, 1)]

    time out of mind - незапамятные времена; ≅ испокон веку

    2) уст. поминание; поминальная служба
    3. 1) настроение, состояние духа

    I was easy [uneasy] in my mind - у меня было спокойно [неспокойно] на душе

    in a good [bad] state /frame/ of mind - в хорошем [в плохом] настроении, расположении

    2) направление мыслей; склад ума

    reactionary mind - реакционные /консервативные/ взгляды /убеждения/

    4. (откровенное) мнение; взгляд

    to tell smb. one's mind, to let smb. know one's mind - откровенно высказать кому-л. своё мнение или неодобрение

    I gave him a piece of my mind - разг. я ему высказал всё, что думал

    to be of smb.'s mind, to be of the same mind as smb. - быть одного мнения с кем-л., придерживаться того же мнения

    they were all of one mind - все они придерживались одного мнения, они достигли единодушного решения; они пришли к соглашению

    to be of the same mind - а) быть единодушным, придерживаться одного мнения; б) оставаться при своём мнении

    to keep an open mind on smth. - сохранять объективность в подходе к вопросу, делу

    meeting of minds - амер. соглашение, единство взглядов

    to smb.'s mind - по чьему-л. мнению [см. тж. 5, 1)]

    to my mind you are right - по-моему, ты прав; на мой взгляд, ты прав

    5. 1) намерение, желание

    to have a mind to do smth. - иметь намерение /быть склонным/ сделать что-л.

    to have a good /a great/ mind to do smth. - очень хотеть что-л. сделать

    to have half a mind to do smth. - быть не прочь /быть склонным/ что-л. сделать

    to know one's own mind - не колебаться, твёрдо знать, чего хочешь

    he doesn't know his own mind - он сам не знает, чего (он) хочет

    to change /to alter/ one's mind - передумать, изменить своё решение /свои намерения/

    to be in /of/ two minds - быть /находиться/ в нерешительности, колебаться; не знать на что решиться

    to smb.'s mind - в соответствии с чьими-л. желаниями; но чьему-л. вкусу [см. тж. 4]

    2) мысли, думы; стремление, помыслы

    to set one's mind on smth. - очень хотеть чего-л.; сосредоточить все свои помыслы на чём-л.; поставить себе какую-л. цель

    he has set his mind on becoming an engineer - он твёрдо решил стать инженером

    to give /to turn/ one's mind to smth. - обратить своё внимание на что-л.; сосредоточить свои мысли /помыслы/ на чём-л.; приложить старания к чему-л.

    to keep one's mind on smth. - всё время думать о чём-л.; сосредоточить своё внимание на чём-л.

    you must keep your mind on your work - ты должен всё время думать о своей работе

    to read smb.'s mind - читать чужие мысли

    to be on smb.'s mind - поглощать чьё-л. внимание

    to take one's mind off smth. - перестать думать о чём-л.

    to take smb.'s mind off smth. - отвлекать чьё-л. внимание от чего-л.

    it took her mind off her troubles - это отвлекло её от забот /от переживаний/

    to bring one's mind to bear on smth. - обратить своё внимание на что-л.

    6. дух; душа

    the mind's eye - мысленный взгляд, воображение

    ♢ to make up one's mind - решиться; принять решение

    to make up one's mind to smth. - смириться с чем-л.

    so many men so many minds - посл. сколько голов, столько умов

    a sound mind in a sound body - посл. в здоровом теле здоровый дух

    out of sight, out of mind - посл. с глаз долой - из сердца вон

    2. [maınd] v
    1. в вопросительных или отрицательных предложениях, а также в утвердительном ответе возражать, иметь (что-л.) против

    do you mind if I smoke [open the window]?, do you mind my smoking [opening the window]?, would you mind my smoking [opening the window]? - вы не будете возражать, если я закурю [открою окно]?

    no, I don't mind (it) - нет, я не возражаю /ничего не имею против/

    yes, I mind it (very much) - нет, я (решительно) возражаю

    would you mind ringing? - будьте любезны, позвоните; не будете ли вы так любезны позвонить?

    would you mind holding your tongue? - попридержи свой язык, пожалуйста

    2. заботиться; волноваться, беспокоиться, тревожиться

    I do not mind what you do - мне всё равно, что вы сделаете

    I don't mind what people say - меня не волнует, что говорят люди

    3. обыкн. в повелительном предложении:
    1) обращать внимание, считаться (с чем-л.)
    2) прислушиваться (к советам и т. п.); слушаться

    mind what I say - (внимательно) слушай, что я говорю

    mind and do what you are told - слушайся и изволь делать то, что тебе говорят

    3) остерегаться, беречься, обращать внимание

    mind the step [the stairs]! - осторожно! ступенька [лестница]!

    mind what you are doing! - осторожнее!

    mind your language! - выражайтесь повежливей!

    4) не забыть сделать (что-л.)
    5) обратить внимание, заметить

    I have no objection, mind (you), but... - я не возражаю, заметь, но...

    not a word, mind! - помните, никому ни слова!

    4. заботиться (о чём-л., ком-л.); смотреть, присматривать (за чем-л., кем-л.); заниматься (чем-л.)

    to mind the baby [the shop] - присматривать за ребёнком [за лавкой]

    mind your own business! - не вмешивайся в чужие дела!

    I asked him if he'd mind my bags - я попросил его присмотреть за моими чемоданами

    5. 1) арх., диал. помнить
    2) редк. напоминать
    6. арх. внимательно следить, внимать
    7. уст., диал. намереваться

    ♢ never mind! - а) не волнуйся, не обращай внимания!, стоит ли беспокоиться!; ничего!, всё равно!, не беда!; это несущественно!; б) не твоё дело!

    where have you been? - Never you mind! - где вы были? - Не ваша забота /печаль/

    to mind one's P's and Q's - следить за собой, за своими словами, соблюдать осторожность или приличия

    mind your eye! - ≅ держи ухо востро!, берегись!, гляди в оба!

    НБАРС > mind

  • 8 mind

    {maind}
    I. 1. ум, разум, разсъдък, интелект
    to be in one's right MIND нормален съм
    to be out of one's MIND луд/побъркан съм
    to go out of one's MIND полудявам
    of sound MIND нормален, здравомислещ
    great MINDs велики умове
    no two MINDs think alike всеки си разсъждава посвоему
    2. дух, съзнание, манталитет, мисловност
    absence of MIND разсеяност
    presence of MIND присъствие на духа, самообладание
    I can't get that out of my MIND не мога да избия това от главата си, все за това мисля
    to have something on one's MIND загрижен съм, нещо ми тежи
    strength of MIND волевост
    3. мнение, мисъл, намерение, решение, воля, внимание
    to be of someone's MIND, to be of the same MIND as someone, to be of a MIND with someone съгласен съм с някого, единодушни/на същото мнение сме с някого
    to be in two MINDs about двоумя се/колебая се относно
    to give/put/set/turn one's MIND to съcредоточавам се върху
    to bend someone's MIND разг. повлиявам някому
    to blow someone's MIND разг. възбуждам някого (силно) (за наркотично средство)
    to have something in MIND намислил съм нещо, имам нещо предвид
    to keep one's MIND on something съсредоточавам се върху/мисля за нещо
    to close/shut one's MIND to не възприемам, не желая да видя/възприема
    nothing was further from his MIND съвсем нямаше такова намерение
    to make up one's MIND (about something) решавам (се) (на нещо)
    to make up one's MIND to something примирявам се с нещо
    to make up one's MIND to do something решавам (се) да направя нещо
    to change one's MIND променям решението си
    to give someone a piece of one's MIND накастрям/нарязвам някого
    to have half a MIND to почти съм склонен да
    to have a good MIND to иде ми да
    to know one's own MIND знам какво искам
    to speak one's MIND казвам това, което мисля
    to take someone's MIND off something отвличам вниманието на някого от нещо
    to my MIND по мое мнение, по мой вкус
    4. памет, спомен
    to bear/keep in MIND не забравям, спомням си, имам грижата за, имам предвид
    to put someone in MIND of напомням някому за (нещо)
    to put out of one's MIND забравям съзнателно
    to bring/recall something to someone's MIND припомням някому нещо
    II. 1. грижа се за, гледам, пазя, внимавам
    MIND the baby! пази/гледай детето! MIND the step! внимавай, има стъпало! to MIND one's own business/affairs гледам си работата, не се бъркам в чужди работи
    MIND you're not late! гледай да не/хем да не закъснееш! MIND the paint/the dog! пази се от боята/кучето! I have no objection, MIND (you) забележете (добре), нямам възражения
    2. помня, не забравям, обръщам внимание на, спазвам
    to MIND the rules спазвам правилата
    I don't MIND what people say не ме интересува какво ще кажат хората
    who MINDs what he says? кой му обръща внимание/го бръсне? never MIND him не му обръщай внимание
    never MIND the expense няма значение колко струва
    3. уважавам
    to MIND one's elders уважавам постарите
    4. обик. в отр. и въпрос. изр. имам нещо против, не съм съгласен, не ми харесва, тежи ми
    do you MIND my smoking/if I smoke? имате ли нещо против, ако запуша? would you MIND opening the window? бихте ли отворили прозореца? моля, отвороте прозореца! I don't MIND все ми е едно, безразлично ми е, съгласен съм, може, бива
    I don't MIND the cold издържам на студ
    I don't MIND hard work, but I do MIND commuting in winter не ми тежи тежката работа, но възразявам срещу пътуването до работата зиме
    I shouldn't MIND a cup of tea с удоволствие бих изпил/пийвам чаша чай
    will you have some more cake? -I don't MIND if I do! искаш ли още кейк? -може! to MIND one's P's and Q's говоря/действувам предпазливо, спазвам приличието
    to MIND the shop, ам. store прен. разпореждам се
    never MIND! нищо! няма значение!
    * * *
    {maind} n 1. ум, разум, разсъдък; интелект; to be in o.'s right (2) {maind} v 1. грижа се за; гледам; пазя; внимавам; mind the baby
    * * *
    съзнание; ум; уважавам; решение; склонност; пазя; помня; внимавам; психика; разум; против; разсъдък; дух; гледам; мисловност; мисъл; мнение; манталитет; намерение; наглеждам; нрав;
    * * *
    1. absence of mind разсеяност 2. do you mind my smoking/if i smoke? имате ли нещо против, ако запуша? would you mind opening the window? бихте ли отворили прозореца? моля, отвороте прозореца! i don't mind все ми е едно, безразлично ми е, съгласен съм, може, бива 3. great minds велики умове 4. i can't get that out of my mind не мога да избия това от главата си, все за това мисля 5. i don't mind hard work, but i do mind commuting in winter не ми тежи тежката работа, но възразявам срещу пътуването до работата зиме 6. i don't mind the cold издържам на студ 7. i don't mind what people say не ме интересува какво ще кажат хората 8. i shouldn't mind a cup of tea с удоволствие бих изпил/пийвам чаша чай 9. i. ум, разум, разсъдък, интелект 10. ii. грижа се за, гледам, пазя, внимавам 11. mind the baby! пази/гледай детето! mind the step! внимавай, има стъпало! to mind one's own business/affairs гледам си работата, не се бъркам в чужди работи 12. mind you're not late! гледай да не/хем да не закъснееш! mind the paint/the dog! пази се от боята/кучето! i have no objection, mind (you) забележете (добре), нямам възражения 13. never mind the expense няма значение колко струва 14. never mind! нищо! няма значение! 15. no two minds think alike всеки си разсъждава посвоему 16. nothing was further from his mind съвсем нямаше такова намерение 17. of sound mind нормален, здравомислещ 18. presence of mind присъствие на духа, самообладание 19. strength of mind волевост 20. to be in one's right mind нормален съм 21. to be in two minds about двоумя се/колебая се относно 22. to be of someone's mind, to be of the same mind as someone, to be of a mind with someone съгласен съм с някого, единодушни/на същото мнение сме с някого 23. to be out of one's mind луд/побъркан съм 24. to bear/keep in mind не забравям, спомням си, имам грижата за, имам предвид 25. to bend someone's mind разг. повлиявам някому 26. to blow someone's mind разг. възбуждам някого (силно) (за наркотично средство) 27. to bring/recall something to someone's mind припомням някому нещо 28. to change one's mind променям решението си 29. to close/shut one's mind to не възприемам, не желая да видя/възприема 30. to give someone a piece of one's mind накастрям/нарязвам някого 31. to give/put/set/turn one's mind to съcредоточавам се върху 32. to go out of one's mind полудявам 33. to have a good mind to иде ми да 34. to have half a mind to почти съм склонен да 35. to have something in mind намислил съм нещо, имам нещо предвид 36. to have something on one's mind загрижен съм, нещо ми тежи 37. to keep one's mind on something съсредоточавам се върху/мисля за нещо 38. to know one's own mind знам какво искам 39. to make up one's mind (about something) решавам (се) (на нещо) 40. to make up one's mind to do something решавам (се) да направя нещо 41. to make up one's mind to something примирявам се с нещо 42. to mind one's elders уважавам постарите 43. to mind the rules спазвам правилата 44. to mind the shop, ам. store прен. разпореждам се 45. to my mind по мое мнение, по мой вкус 46. to put out of one's mind забравям съзнателно 47. to put someone in mind of напомням някому за (нещо) 48. to speak one's mind казвам това, което мисля 49. to take someone's mind off something отвличам вниманието на някого от нещо 50. who minds what he says? кой му обръща внимание/го бръсне? never mind him не му обръщай внимание 51. will you have some more cake? -i don't mind if i do! искаш ли още кейк? -може! to mind one's p's and q's говоря/действувам предпазливо, спазвам приличието 52. дух, съзнание, манталитет, мисловност 53. мнение, мисъл, намерение, решение, воля, внимание 54. обик. в отр. и въпрос. изр. имам нещо против, не съм съгласен, не ми харесва, тежи ми 55. памет, спомен 56. помня, не забравям, обръщам внимание на, спазвам 57. уважавам
    * * *
    mind [maind] I. n 1. ум, разум, разсъдък; интелект; to be in o.'s right \mind нормален съм; to be out of o.'s \mind побъркан (луд) съм; to blow o.'s \mind разг. 1) изпадам в екстаз, халюцинирам (след употреба на наркотици); 2) възмущавам, изкарвам от равновесие; 3) поразявам, смайвам, слисвам, шашвам; \mind over matter интелектът побеждава (стои над) физиката; it has gone clear out of my \mind съвсем ми щукна из ума; to bring o.'s \mind to осъзнавам, проумявам, става ми ясно; of sound \mind нормален, здравомислещ; great \minds великите умове; to bore ( scare) s.o. out of their \mind отегчавам (изплашвам) някого до смърт; 2. дух, съзнание; to wander in o.'s \mind бълнувам, говоря несвързано; 3. нрав; начин на мислене, манталитет, мисловност; high \mind великодушие, благородство; turn of \mind темперамент, манталитет; strength of \mind силна воля; peace of \mind душевно спокойствие; state of \mind състояние, разположение на духа; absence of \mind разсеяност; presence of \mind присъствие на духа, самообладание; to have a one-track \mind ограничен, тесногръд; to be easy in o.'s \mind спокоен съм, не се тревожа; I can't get that out of my \mind не мога да избия това от главата си; frame of \mind настроение, разположение; to have s.th. in o.'s \mind загрижен съм, нещо ми тежи; to keep o.'s \mind on съсредоточавам се върху; to close ( shut) o.'s \mind to s.th. не обръщам внимание на, прен. затварям си очите, отказвам да разбера; the \minds of men were roused духовете бяха възбудени; 4. склонност, вкус; to find s.th. to o.'s \mind нещо ми допада, по вкуса ми е; to have a month's \mind to s.o. (to do s.th.) изпитвам силно влечение към някого; имам голямо желание да, горя от нетърпение да; 5. мнение, мисъл, намерение; решение; to be of s.o.'s \mind, to be of like ( the same) \mind as s.o., to be of a \mind with s.o. съгласен съм, единодушни сме с някого, споделям мнението на някого, на същото мнение съм като някого; to be (have s.th.) on o.'s \mind вълнувам, тревожа, ангажирам вниманието (мислите) на някого; to be in two \minds двоумя се, колебая се; to know o.'s own \mind знам какво искам; действам решително; to change o.'s \mind променям решението си; to make up o.'s \mind решавам (се); to give s.o. a piece of o.'s \mind скастрям, нарязвам някого, давам някому да се разбере; to make s.o.'s \mind easy; to put s.o.' s \mind at ease успокоявам някого, разсейвам нечии съмнения (мрачни мисли); to have half a \mind to почти съм склонен да; to have a good \mind to почти съм решил да, ще ми се да; to have s.th. in \mind имам нещо предвид; to set o.'s \mind on ( upon) s.th. поставям си за цел, заемам се сериозно с, концентрирам се върху; to speak o.'s \mind казвам това, което мисля, говоря искрено; to my \mind според мен, по мое мнение; 6. във фрази: спомен, памет; to bear ( keep) in \mind не забравям, спомням си, имам грижата за; вземам предвид; вземам си бележка; to bring, (re)call s.th. to s.o.'s \mind припомням някому нещо; to call s.th. to \mind спомням си, припомням си; to cast o.'s \mind back спомням си миналото, връщам се мислено към (с to); he puts me in \mind of his father той ми напомня на баща си; to go ( pass) out of \mind забравя се; out of sight, out of \mind далеч от очите, далеч от сърцето; time out of \mind от незапомнени времена; II. v 1. обръщам внимание на, имам грижата за; don't \mind what other people say не слушай какво казват другите; to \mind o.'s own business не се бъркам в чужди работи; to \mind rules спазвам правила; 2. обръщам внимание на, уважавам; you ought to \mind your elders би трябвало да слушате старите хора; 3. внимавам; пазя, полагам грижи за, гледам; I did not say so, \mind you! забележете добре, аз не казах това! to \mind the child гледам (наглеждам) детето; \mind the paint! пази се от боята! внимание, боя! \mind what you say ( your language, your tongue)! мери си думите! \mind you are not late! гледайте да (хем да) не закъснеете! \mind yourself! (\mind your eye! sl) отваряй си очите, пази се! to \mind o.'s p's and q's говоря (действам) предпазливо; спазвам приличието; 4. помня (главно в imp); \mind what was told you! да не забравиш какво ти казаха! 5. (обикн. в отриц. и въпр. изречение) имам нещо против, не ми се харесва, тежи ми; do you \mind my smoking? имате ли нещо против да запуша? if you don't \mind ако нямате нищо против, ако това не Ви безпокои; would you \mind shutting the door? бихте ли затворили вратата? моля Ви, затворете вратата; I don't \mind все ми е едно, безразлично ми е; съгласен съм, може, бива; I don't \mind the cold издържам на студ; I don't \mind hard work, but I \mind insufficient pay трудната работа не ми тежи, но възразявам срещу недостатъчното заплащане; I should not \mind a cup of tea с удоволствие бих изпил чашка чай; never \mind! все едно; нищо; няма значение; не се безпокойте! never \mind him! не му обръщай внимание, не го гледай него! never \mind the remainder задръжте рестото; never you \mind! това е моя работа, не се бъркайте! will you have some cheese? - I don't \mind if I do искате ли малко сирене? - може; who \minds what he says? прен. кой го бръсне?

    English-Bulgarian dictionary > mind

  • 9 mind

    [maɪnd] n
    1) (brain, intellect) Geist m, Verstand m;
    she's one of the greatest \minds of today sie ist einer der größten Köpfe unserer Zeit;
    it's a question of \mind over matter das ist eine reine Willensfrage;
    he's got the \mind of a four-year-old! er hat den Verstand eines Vierjährigen!;
    it was a triumph of \mind over matter hier war der Wille stärker;
    in one's \mind eyes vor seinem geistigen Auge;
    frame of \mind seelische Verfassung;
    a fine \mind ein großer Geist;
    to have a good \mind einen klaren Verstand haben;
    to have a logical \mind logisch denken können;
    to the Victorian \mind nach der viktorianischen Denkweise;
    to use one's \mind seinen Verstand gebrauchen
    2) ( sanity) Verstand m;
    to be in one's right \mind noch ganz richtig im Kopf sein;
    to be out of one's \mind den Verstand verloren haben;
    to drive sb out of his/her \mind jdn wahnsinnig machen;
    to lose [or go out of] one's \mind den Verstand verlieren
    3) ( thoughts) Gedanken mpl;
    the idea never entered my \mind auf diesen Gedanken wäre ich gar nicht gekommen;
    it went out of my \mind ich hab's vergessen;
    you put that out of your \mind! das kannst du dir aus dem Kopf schlagen!;
    I can't get that song out of my \mind das Lied will mir einfach nicht mehr aus dem Kopf gehen!;
    sorry, my \mind is on other things tut mir leid, ich bin mit den Gedanken ganz woanders;
    to be on one's \mind einen beschäftigen;
    you're always on my \mind ich denke die ganze Zeit an dich;
    what's on your \mind? woran denkst du?;
    what's on your \mind! woran du nur wieder denkst!;
    to be in the back of sb's \mind in jds Hinterkopf sein;
    to bear [or keep] sth in \mind etw nicht vergessen;
    bearing in \mind that... angesichts der Tatsache, dass...;
    to bring [or call] sth to \mind ( remember) sich akk etw in Erinnerung rufen;
    ( remind) an etw akk erinnern;
    to come [or spring] to sb's \mind jdm einfallen;
    to have sb/sth in \mind an jdn/etw denken;
    did you have anything special in \mind? dachten Sie an etwas Bestimmtes?;
    to have a lot of things on one's \mind viele Sorgen haben;
    to keep one's \mind on sth one's work sich akk auf etw akk konzentrieren;
    sth puts sb in \mind of sth ( esp Brit) etw erinnert jdn an etw akk;
    to put sb out of one's \mind jdn aus seinem Gedächtnis streichen;
    to read sb's \mind jds Gedanken lesen;
    to set one's \mind to do sth sich akk auf etw akk konzentrieren;
    to take sb's \mind off sth jdn auf andere Gedanken bringen [o von etw dat ablenken];
    4) ( intention)
    nothing could be further from my \mind than... nichts läge mir ferner als...;
    to have in \mind to do sth vorhaben, etw zu tun;
    to know one's [own] \mind wissen, was man will;
    to make up one's \mind sich akk entscheiden;
    my \mind is made up! ich habe einen Entschluss gefasst!;
    to set one's \mind on sth sich dat etw in den Kopf setzen
    5) usu sing ( opinion) Meinung f, Ansicht f;
    to my \mind... meiner Meinung nach...;
    to give sb a piece of one's \mind jdm seine Meinung sagen;
    to be of the same \mind der gleichen Meinung [o derselben Ansicht] sein;
    I'm of the same \mind as you ich bin deiner Meinung;
    to be in [or of] two \minds about sth sich dat über etw akk nicht im Klaren sein;
    to change one's \mind es sich dat anders überlegen;
    to have a \mind of one's own seinen eigenen Kopf haben
    to have half a [good] \mind to... gute Lust haben,...;
    to be of a \mind to do sth ( form) geneigt sein, etw zu tun
    PHRASES:
    to be bored out of one's \mind sich akk zu Tode langweilen;
    great \minds think alike ah, ich sehe, wir verstehen uns! vt
    to \mind sth auf etw akk aufpassen;
    \mind your head [or \mind that you don't bang your head] pass auf, dass du dir nicht den Kopf stößt;
    \mind your head Vorsicht mit dem Kopf!;
    here, \mind, he said when she trod on his foot passen Sie doch auf, sagte er, als sie ihm auf den Fuß trat;
    \mind the step! Vorsicht Stufe!;
    \mind how you go pass doch auf!;
    ( as farewell) pass auf dich auf!;
    \mind your language! (dated) pass auf, was du sagst!
    to \mind sb sich akk um jdn kümmern;
    don't \mind me kümmere dich nicht um mich;
    don't \mind what she says kümmere dich nicht darum, was sie sagt;
    and never \mind the expense und vergiss jetzt einfach mal die Kosten;
    never \mind them - what about me? was kümmern mich die - was ist mit mir?;
    never \mind her! vergiss sie doch einfach!;
    never \mind how you got there... ist doch egal, wie du da hinkamst,...;
    \mind your own business! kümmere dich um deine eigenen Angelegenheiten!;
    I don't \mind the heat die Hitze macht mir nichts aus!;
    I don't \mind what she does es ist mir egal, was sie macht!
    to \mind that... denk daran, dass...;
    \mind you close the door when you leave vergiss nicht, die Tür zuzumachen, wenn du gehst;
    \mind you get this done before she gets home sieh zu, dass du damit fertig wirst, bevor sie nach Hause kommt
    to \mind sb/ sth auf jdn/etw aufpassen; ( fig)
    I'm \minding the shop ich kümmere mich hier um den Laden ( fam)
    5) (fam: object)
    to not \mind sth nichts gegen etw akk [einzuwenden] haben;
    would you \mind holding this for me? würden Sie das [kurz] für mich halten?;
    do you \mind my asking you a question? darf ich Ihnen eine Frage stellen?;
    do you \mind calling me a taxi? würde es dir was ausmachen, mir ein Taxi zu rufen?;
    do you \mind my smoking? stört es Sie, wenn ich rauche?;
    I don't \mind her ich habe nichts gegen sie;
    I wouldn't \mind a new car/ a cup of tea gegen ein neues Auto/eine Tasse Tee hätte ich nichts einzuwenden!
    PHRASES:
    to \mind one's p's and q's sich akk gut benehmen;
    \mind you allerdings;
    \mind you, I'd love to have a cup of tea! also, gegen eine Tasse Tee hätte ich jetzt nichts einzuwenden!;
    \mind you, she did try immerhin hat sie es versucht! vi
    1) ( care) sich dat etwas daraus machen;
    I don't \mind das ist mir egal;
    sometime I wish he \minded a little more manchmal wünsche ich mir, dass es ihm ein bisschen mehr ausmachen würde;
    never \mind! [ist doch] egal!;
    never \mind, I'll do it myself! vergiss es, ich mach's selbst!;
    never \mind, one day... mach dir nichts draus - eines Tages...;
    never \mind about that mistake vergiss den Fehler einfach!;
    never \mind about that now vergiss das jetzt mal;
    never \mind about her - what about you? jetzt vergiss sie doch mal - was ist mit dir?;
    never you \mind! jetzt kümmere dich mal nicht drum!
    2) ( object) etwas dagegenhaben;
    do you \mind if I...? stört es Sie, wenn ich...?;
    do you \mind! (don't!) ich muss doch sehr bitten!;
    (may I?) darf ich?;
    nobody will \mind das wird niemanden stören;
    if you don't \mind... wenn du nichts dagegenhast,...;
    if you don't \mind me saying so,... ich hoffe, es macht dir nichts aus, dass ich dir das jetzt sage, aber...;
    I don't \mind if I do ich hätte nichts dagegen
    PHRASES:
    never \mind... geschweige denn...

    English-German students dictionary > mind

  • 10 mind

    1.
    (the power by which one thinks etc; the intelligence or understanding: The child already has the mind of an adult.) mente, cabeza, cerebro

    2. verb
    1) (to look after or supervise (eg a child): mind the baby.) cuidar
    2) (to be upset by; to object to: You must try not to mind when he criticizes your work.) importar, molestar
    3) (to be careful of: Mind (= be careful not to trip over) the step!) tener cuidado
    4) (to pay attention to or obey: You should mind your parents' words/advice.) hacer caso de

    3. interjection
    (be careful!: Mind! There's a car coming!) ¡cuidado!
    - - minded
    - mindful
    - mindless
    - mindlessly
    - mindlessness
    - mindreader
    - at/in the back of one's mind
    - change one's mind
    - be out of one's mind
    - do you mind!
    - have a good mind to
    - have half a mind to
    - have a mind to
    - in one's mind's eye
    - in one's right mind
    - keep one's mind on
    - know one's own mind
    - make up one's mind
    - mind one's own business
    - never mind
    - on one's mind
    - put someone in mind of
    - put in mind of
    - speak one's mind
    - take/keep one's mind off
    - to my mind
    mind1 n mente
    to my mind... a mi parecer / en mi opinión
    mind2 vb
    1. importar
    do you mind if I sit here? ¿te importa que me siente aquí?
    2. cuidar
    who is minding the baby? ¿quién está cuidando al niño?
    3. tener cuidado
    mind out! ¡cuidado!
    mind your own business! ¡ocúpate de tus asuntos!
    never mind! ¡no importa! / ¡da igual!
    tr[maɪnd]
    ■ you've got a dirty mind! ¡qué guarro eres!
    3 (brain, thoughts) cabeza, cerebro
    4 (person) cerebro
    1 (heed, pay attention to) hacer caso de; (care about) importar, preocupar
    ■ don't mind me! ¡no me hagas caso!
    2 (be careful with) tener cuidado con
    ■ mind the step! ¡cuidado con el escalón!
    ■ mind your head! ¡ojo con la cabeza!
    3 (look after - child) cuidar, cuidar de; (- house) vigilar; (- shop) atender; (- seat, place) guardar
    ■ could you mind the baby for a minute? ¿me puedes cuidar el bebé un momento?
    4 (object to, be troubled by) tener inconveniente en, importar, molestar
    ■ I don't mind staying no tengo inconveniente en quedarme, no me importa quedarme
    ■ are you sure you don't mind going? ¿seguro que no te importa ir?
    ■ do you mind the noise? ¿te molesta el ruido?
    ■ would you mind waiting? ¿le importaría esperar?
    5 (fancy, quite like) venir bien
    1 (be careful) tener cuidado
    ■ mind (out)! ¡cuidado!, ¡ojo!
    2 (object to) importar, molestar, tener inconveniente
    ■ do you mind if I open the window? ¿le importa que abra la ventana?
    ■ would you mind if I used your phone? ¿podría utilizar su teléfono?
    ■ do you want a biscuit? --I don't mind if I do! ¿quieres una galleta? --¡pues sí!
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    mind you... ten en cuenta que..., la verdad es que...
    mind your own business no te metas en lo que no te importa
    never mind (it doesn't matter) no importa, da igual 2 (don't worry) no te preocupes 3 (let alone) ni hablar de
    never you mind! ¿a ti qué te importa?
    to be all in the mind no ser más que imaginaciones
    to be in one's right mind estar en su sano juicio
    to be in two minds about something estar indeciso,-a respecto a algo
    to be of one mind / be of the same mind ser del mismo parecer, tener la misma opinión
    to be of sound mind estar en pleno uso de sus facultades (mentales)
    to be on one's mind preocupar a uno
    to bear something in mind tener algo en cuenta, tener algo presente
    to blow somebody's mind alucinar a alguien
    to bring something to mind / call something to mind recordar algo, traer algo a la memoria
    to change one's mind cambiar de opinión, cambiar de parecer
    to come to mind ocurrírsele a uno, venir a la mente
    to cross somebody's mind ocurrírsele a alguien, pasar por la cabeza de alguien
    to get something/somebody out of one's mind quitarse algo/a alguien de la cabeza
    to give somebody a piece of one's mind decir cuatro verdades a alguien
    to go out of one's mind volverse loco,-a
    to have a mind of one's own saber decidirse por sí mismo,-a
    to have a good mind to do something estar por hacer algo, estar casi decidido,-a a hacer algo
    to have half a mind to do something estar por hacer algo, estar casi decidido,-a a hacer algo
    to have somebody/something in mind estar pensando en alguien/algo
    to have something on one's mind estar preocupado,-a por algo
    to keep an open mind tener una mente abierta
    to keep one's mind on something estar atento,-a a algo, prestar atención a algo, concentrarse en algo
    to lose one's mind perder el juicio
    to put somebody in mind of something recordarle a alguien algo
    to put something out of one's mind no pensar más en algo
    to put/set somebody's mind at ease/rest tranquilizar a alguien
    to put/set/turn one's mind to something proponerse algo
    to slip somebody's mind olvidársele a uno
    to somebody's mind en la opinión de alguien
    ■ to my mind en mi opinión, a mi parecer
    to speak one's mind hablar sin rodeos, decir lo que uno piensa
    to take a load/weight off somebody's mind quitarle a alguien un peso de encima
    mind ['maɪnd] vt
    1) tend: cuidar, atender
    mind the children: cuida a los niños
    2) obey: obedecer
    3) : preocuparse por, sentirse molestado por
    I don't mind his jokes: sus bromas no me molestan
    4) : tener cuidado con
    mind the ladder!: ¡cuidado con la escalera!
    mind vi
    1) obey: obedecer
    2) care: importarle a uno
    I don't mind: no me importa, me es igual
    mind n
    1) memory: memoria f, recuerdo m
    keep it in mind: téngalo en cuenta
    2) : mente f
    the mind and the body: la mente y el cuerpo
    3) intention: intención f, propósito m
    to have a mind to do something: tener intención de hacer algo
    4) : razón f
    5) opinion: opinión f
    to change one's mind: cambiar de opinión
    6) intellect: capacidad f intelectual
    adv.
    • mente adv.
    n.
    • cabeza s.f.
    • entendimiento s.m.
    • inteligencia s.f.
    • juicio s.m.
    • memoria s.f.
    • mente s.f.
    • mientes s.m.pl.
    • ánimo s.m.
    v.
    • acordarse de v.
    • atender v.
    • escuchar v.
    • fijarse en v.
    • tener en cuenta v.
    maɪnd
    I
    1)
    a) ( Psych) mente f

    with an open/a closed mind — sin/con ideas preconcebidas

    to keep an open mind on something — mantener* una mentalidad abierta or no cerrarse* frente a algo

    I'm convinced in my own mind that... — yo estoy plenamente convencido de que...

    to bear o keep something/somebody in mind — tener* algo/a alguien en cuenta, tener* presente algo/a alguien

    to bring o call something to mind: this case brings to mind another incident este caso (nos) recuerda otro incidente; to come to mind: nothing in particular comes to mind no se me ocurre nada en particular; to have something/somebody in mind tener* algo/a alguien en mente; with that in mind pensando en eso; to have something on one's mind: what's on your mind? ¿qué es lo que te preocupa?; to prey o weigh on somebody's mind: it's been preying o weighing on my mind me ha estado preocupando; that put my mind at rest con eso me tranquilizé or me quedé tranquilo; put it out of your mind! no pienses más en eso!; I can see her now in my mind's eye es como si la estuviera viendo; you're not ill: it's all in the mind no estás enfermo, es pura sugestión; I can't get him/the thought out of my mind no puedo quitármelo de la cabeza, no hago más que pensar en él/en eso; it never crossed my mind that... ni se me ocurrió pensar que..., nunca me habría imaginado que..., ni se me pasó por la cabeza que...; to take a load o weight off somebody's mind quitarle a alguien un peso de encima; great minds think alike — (hum) los genios pensamos igual

    b) ( mentality) mentalidad f
    c) ( Phil) (no art) espíritu m
    2) ( attention)

    to put one's mind to something: he can be quite charming if he puts his mind to it cuando quiere or cuando se lo propone, es un verdadero encanto; you could finish it today if you put your mind to it si te lo propones puedes terminarlo hoy; he needs something to take his mind off it necesita algo que lo distraiga; it slipped my mind — se me olvidó

    3)
    a) ( opinion)

    to change one's mind — cambiar de opinión or de parecer or de idea

    my mind's made up — lo he decidido, estoy decidido

    he spoke his mind — dijo lo que pensaba, habló sin tapujos

    to my mind — a mi parecer, en mi opinión

    to be in o of two minds about something — estar* indeciso respecto a algo

    b) (will, intention)

    he has a mind of his own — ( he is obstinate) es muy empecinado or porfiado or testarudo; ( he knows his own mind) sabe muy bien lo que quiere

    to have a mind to + inf: when he has a mind to cuando quiere, cuando se lo propone; I've a good mind to complain to the manager tengo ganas de ir a quejarme al gerente; I've half a mind to tell her myself casi estoy por decírselo or casi se lo diría yo mismo; she certainly knows her own mind — ciertamente sabe lo que quiere

    4) ( mental faculties) juicio m, razón f

    to be of sound mind — (frml) estar* en pleno uso de sus (or mis etc) facultades (mentales) (frml)

    to be/go out of one's mind — estar*/volverse* loco

    no one in her/his right mind... — nadie en su sano juicio or en sus cabales...

    to blow somebody's mind — (colloq) alucinar a alguien (fam)

    5) ( person) mente f, cabeza f, cerebro m

    II
    1.
    1) ( look after) \<\<children\>\> cuidar, cuidar de; \<\<seat/place\>\> guardar, cuidar; \<\<shop/office\>\> atender*

    mind your head! — ojo or cuidado con la cabeza!

    mind how you go! — (colloq) cuídate, vete con cuidado

    b) ( concern oneself about) preocuparse por

    don't mind me — no se preocupen por mí, hagan como si yo no estuviera

    c)

    we didn't break even, never mind make a profit — ni siquiera cubrimos los gastos, ni hablar pues de ganancias

    3) ( object to) (usu neg or interrog)

    I don't mind the noise/cold — no me molesta or no me importa el ruido/frío

    I don't mind him, but I can't stand her — él no me disgusta, pero a ella no la soporto

    I wouldn't mind a drink — (colloq) no me vendría mal un trago

    I don't mind what you do — me da igual or me da lo mismo lo que hagas

    to mind -ING: would you mind waiting? ¿le importaría esperar?, espere, por favor; if you don't mind me saying so — si me permites


    2.
    vi
    a) ( take care)

    mind! — ojo!, cuidado!

    never mind — no importa, no te preocupes (or no se preocupen etc)

    2) ( object) (usu neg or interrog)

    I don't mind — me da igual or lo mismo

    have another one - I don't mind if I do! — (BrE hum) tómate otro - hombre, no te diría que no; ( expressing indignation)

    do you mind if I smoke? - yes, I do mind! — ¿te importa si fumo? - sí que me importa!

    do you mind! — ( expressing indignation) hágame el favor!

    3) ( take note) (only in imperative)

    I'm not promising, mind! — mira que no te lo prometo ¿eh?

    he's very generous; mind you, he can afford to be! — es muy generoso; pero claro, puede permitírselo

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [maɪnd]
    1. NOUN
    1) (=brain, head) mente f

    a logical/creative mind — una mente racional/creativa

    • it's all in the mind — es pura sugestión

    • at the back of my mind I had the feeling that... — tenía la remota sensación de que...

    • to bring one's mind to bear on sth — concentrarse en algo

    • it came to my mind that... — se me ocurrió que...

    • I'm not clear in my mind about it — todavía no lo tengo claro or no lo llego a entender

    • it crossed my mind (that) — se me ocurrió (que)

    yes, it had crossed my mind — sí, eso se me había ocurrido

    does it ever cross your mind that...? — ¿piensas alguna vez que...?

    • it never entered my mind — jamás se me pasó por la cabeza

    • I can't get it out of my mind — no me lo puedo quitar de la cabeza

    • to go over sth in one's mind — repasar algo mentalmente

    • a triumph of mind over matter — un triunfo del espíritu sobre la materia

    • to have one's mind on sth — estar pensando en algo

    what's on your mind? — ¿qué es lo que te preocupa?

    • you can put that right out of your mind — conviene no pensar más en eso

    • knowing that he had arrived safely set my mind at ease or rest — el saber que había llegado sano y salvo me tranquilizó

    • the thought that springs to mind is... — lo que primero se le ocurre a uno es...

    • state of mind — estado m de ánimo

    • that will take your mind off it — eso te distraerá

    • to be uneasy in one's mind — quedarse con dudas

    that's a load or weight off my mind! — ¡eso me quita un peso de encima!

    blank 1., 2), read 1., 3), presence
    2) (=memory)

    • to bear sth/sb in mind — tener en cuenta algo/a algn

    we must bear (it) in mind that... — debemos tener en cuenta que..., tenemos que recordar que...

    to keep sth/sb in mind — tener presente or en cuenta algo/a algn

    • to pass out of mind — caer en el olvido

    time out of mind — tiempo m inmemorial

    it went right or clean out of my mind — se me fue por completo de la cabeza

    • to bring or call sth to mind — recordar algo, traer algo a la memoria

    slip 3., 3), stick II, 2., 5)
    3) (=intention)

    • you can do it if you have a mind to — puedes lograrlo si de verdad estás empeñado en ello

    I have half a mind to do it — estoy tentado or me dan ganas de hacerlo

    • nothing was further from my mind — nada más lejos de mi intención

    • to have sth in mind — tener pensado algo

    who do you have in mind for the job? — ¿a quién piensas darle el puesto or tienes en mente para el puesto?

    4) (=opinion) opinión f, parecer m

    • to change one's mind — cambiar de opinión or idea or parecer

    • to have a closed mind — tener una mente cerrada

    • to know one's own mind — saber lo que uno quiere

    • to make up one's mind — decidirse

    he has made up his mind to leave home — ha decidido irse de casa, está decidido a irse de casa

    • to my mind — a mi juicio

    • to be of one mind — estar de acuerdo

    • with an open mind — con espíritu abierto or mentalidad abierta

    • to have a mind of one's own — [person] (=think for o.s.) pensar por sí mismo; hum [machine etc] tener voluntad propia, hacer lo que quiere

    • to be of the same mind — ser de la misma opinión, estar de acuerdo

    I was of the same mind as my brother — yo estaba de acuerdo con mi hermano, yo era de la misma opinión que mi hermano

    - be in or of two minds
    piece 1., 1), speak 2., 2)
    5) (=mental balance) juicio m

    • to lose one's mind — perder el juicio

    • nobody in his right mind would do it — nadie que esté en su sano juicio lo haría

    • of sound mind — en pleno uso de sus facultades mentales

    • of unsound mind — mentalmente incapacitado

    - be out of one's mind

    you must be out of your mind! — ¡tú debes estar loco!

    to go out of one's mind — perder el juicio, volverse loco

    to go out of one's mind with worry/jealousy — volverse loco de preocupación/celos

    6) (=person) mente f, cerebro m
    2. TRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=be careful of) tener cuidado con

    mind you don't fall — ten cuidado, no te vayas a caer

    mind you don't get wet! — ten cuidado, no te vayas a mojar

    • mind your head! — ¡cuidado con la cabeza!

    • mind how you go! * — (as farewell) ¡cuídate!

    • mind your language! — ¡qué manera de hablar es esa!

    • mind your manners! — ¡qué modales son esos!

    • mind the step! — ¡cuidado con el escalón!

    • mind what you're doing! — ¡cuidado con lo que haces!

    • mind where you're going! — ¡mira por dónde vas!

    • mind yourself! — ¡cuidado, no te vayas a hacer daño!

    2) (=make sure)

    mind you do it! — ¡hazlo sin falta!, ¡no dejes de hacerlo!

    3) (=pay attention to) hacer caso de

    mind what I say! — ¡hazme caso!, ¡escucha lo que te digo!

    • mind your own business! — ¡no te metas donde no te llaman!

    • don't mind me — por mí no se preocupe

    don't mind me! — iro ¡y a mí que me parta un rayo! *

    • never mind that now — olvídate de eso ahora

    • mind you, it was raining at the time — claro que or te advierto que en ese momento llovía

    it was a big one, mind you — era grande, eso sí

    4) (=look after) cuidar

    could you mind the baby this afternoon? — ¿podrías cuidar al niño esta tarde?

    could you mind my bags for a few minutes? — ¿me cuidas or guardas las bolsas un momento?

    5) (=dislike, object to)

    • I don't mind the cold — a mí no me molesta el frío

    I don't mind four, but six is too many — cuatro no me importa, pero seis son muchos

    if you don't mind my or me saying so, I think you're wrong — perdona que te diga pero estás equivocado, permíteme que te diga que te equivocas

    I don't mind telling you, I was shocked — estaba horrorizado, lo confieso

    • I wouldn't mind a cup of tea — no me vendría mal un té

    • do you mind telling me where you've been? — ¿te importa decirme dónde has estado?

    • would you mind opening the door? — ¿me hace el favor de abrir la puerta?, ¿le importa(ría) abrir la puerta?

    7) dialect (=remember) acordarse de, recordar

    I mind the time when... — me acuerdo de cuando...

    3. INTRANSITIVE VERB
    1) (=be careful) tener cuidado

    mind! — ¡cuidado!, ¡ojo!, ¡abusado! (Mex)

    2) (=object)

    do you mind? — ¿te importa?

    do you mind! — iro ¡por favor!

    do you mind if I open the window? — ¿te molesta que abra or si abro la ventana?

    do you mind if I come? — ¿te importa que yo venga?

    "do you mind if I take this book?" - "I don't mind at all" — -¿te importa si me llevo or que me lleve este libro? -en absoluto

    if you don't mind, I won't come — si no te importa, yo no iré

    please, if you don't mind — si no le importa, si es tan amable

    close the door, if you don't mind — hazme el favor de cerrar la puerta

    "cigarette?" - "I don't mind if I do" — -¿un cigarrillo? -pues muchas gracias or bueno or no digo que no

    • never mind — (=don't worry) no te preocupes; (=it makes no odds) es igual, da lo mismo; (=it's not important) no importa

    I can't walk, never mind run — no puedo andar, ni mucho menos correr

    he didn't do it, mind — pero en realidad no lo hizo, la verdad es que no lo hizo

    4.
    COMPOUNDS

    mind game N — juego m psicológico

    mind map N — mapa m mental

    * * *
    [maɪnd]
    I
    1)
    a) ( Psych) mente f

    with an open/a closed mind — sin/con ideas preconcebidas

    to keep an open mind on something — mantener* una mentalidad abierta or no cerrarse* frente a algo

    I'm convinced in my own mind that... — yo estoy plenamente convencido de que...

    to bear o keep something/somebody in mind — tener* algo/a alguien en cuenta, tener* presente algo/a alguien

    to bring o call something to mind: this case brings to mind another incident este caso (nos) recuerda otro incidente; to come to mind: nothing in particular comes to mind no se me ocurre nada en particular; to have something/somebody in mind tener* algo/a alguien en mente; with that in mind pensando en eso; to have something on one's mind: what's on your mind? ¿qué es lo que te preocupa?; to prey o weigh on somebody's mind: it's been preying o weighing on my mind me ha estado preocupando; that put my mind at rest con eso me tranquilizé or me quedé tranquilo; put it out of your mind! no pienses más en eso!; I can see her now in my mind's eye es como si la estuviera viendo; you're not ill: it's all in the mind no estás enfermo, es pura sugestión; I can't get him/the thought out of my mind no puedo quitármelo de la cabeza, no hago más que pensar en él/en eso; it never crossed my mind that... ni se me ocurrió pensar que..., nunca me habría imaginado que..., ni se me pasó por la cabeza que...; to take a load o weight off somebody's mind quitarle a alguien un peso de encima; great minds think alike — (hum) los genios pensamos igual

    b) ( mentality) mentalidad f
    c) ( Phil) (no art) espíritu m
    2) ( attention)

    to put one's mind to something: he can be quite charming if he puts his mind to it cuando quiere or cuando se lo propone, es un verdadero encanto; you could finish it today if you put your mind to it si te lo propones puedes terminarlo hoy; he needs something to take his mind off it necesita algo que lo distraiga; it slipped my mind — se me olvidó

    3)
    a) ( opinion)

    to change one's mind — cambiar de opinión or de parecer or de idea

    my mind's made up — lo he decidido, estoy decidido

    he spoke his mind — dijo lo que pensaba, habló sin tapujos

    to my mind — a mi parecer, en mi opinión

    to be in o of two minds about something — estar* indeciso respecto a algo

    b) (will, intention)

    he has a mind of his own — ( he is obstinate) es muy empecinado or porfiado or testarudo; ( he knows his own mind) sabe muy bien lo que quiere

    to have a mind to + inf: when he has a mind to cuando quiere, cuando se lo propone; I've a good mind to complain to the manager tengo ganas de ir a quejarme al gerente; I've half a mind to tell her myself casi estoy por decírselo or casi se lo diría yo mismo; she certainly knows her own mind — ciertamente sabe lo que quiere

    4) ( mental faculties) juicio m, razón f

    to be of sound mind — (frml) estar* en pleno uso de sus (or mis etc) facultades (mentales) (frml)

    to be/go out of one's mind — estar*/volverse* loco

    no one in her/his right mind... — nadie en su sano juicio or en sus cabales...

    to blow somebody's mind — (colloq) alucinar a alguien (fam)

    5) ( person) mente f, cabeza f, cerebro m

    II
    1.
    1) ( look after) \<\<children\>\> cuidar, cuidar de; \<\<seat/place\>\> guardar, cuidar; \<\<shop/office\>\> atender*

    mind your head! — ojo or cuidado con la cabeza!

    mind how you go! — (colloq) cuídate, vete con cuidado

    b) ( concern oneself about) preocuparse por

    don't mind me — no se preocupen por mí, hagan como si yo no estuviera

    c)

    we didn't break even, never mind make a profit — ni siquiera cubrimos los gastos, ni hablar pues de ganancias

    3) ( object to) (usu neg or interrog)

    I don't mind the noise/cold — no me molesta or no me importa el ruido/frío

    I don't mind him, but I can't stand her — él no me disgusta, pero a ella no la soporto

    I wouldn't mind a drink — (colloq) no me vendría mal un trago

    I don't mind what you do — me da igual or me da lo mismo lo que hagas

    to mind -ING: would you mind waiting? ¿le importaría esperar?, espere, por favor; if you don't mind me saying so — si me permites


    2.
    vi
    a) ( take care)

    mind! — ojo!, cuidado!

    never mind — no importa, no te preocupes (or no se preocupen etc)

    2) ( object) (usu neg or interrog)

    I don't mind — me da igual or lo mismo

    have another one - I don't mind if I do! — (BrE hum) tómate otro - hombre, no te diría que no; ( expressing indignation)

    do you mind if I smoke? - yes, I do mind! — ¿te importa si fumo? - sí que me importa!

    do you mind! — ( expressing indignation) hágame el favor!

    3) ( take note) (only in imperative)

    I'm not promising, mind! — mira que no te lo prometo ¿eh?

    he's very generous; mind you, he can afford to be! — es muy generoso; pero claro, puede permitírselo

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > mind

  • 11 language

    ['læŋgwɪdʒ] 1.
    1) U (system) linguaggio m.
    3) U (used by a particular group) linguaggio m. (anche inform.)

    formal, legal language — linguaggio formale, giuridico

    bad o strong o foul language linguaggio volgare; mind your language! bada a come parli! don't use that language with me! — non usare questo linguaggio con me!

    2.
    modificatore [ course] di lingua; [ school] di lingue; [barrier, laboratory] linguistico
    * * *
    ['læŋɡwi‹]
    1) (human speech: the development of language in children.) linguaggio
    2) (the speech of a particular nation: She is very good at (learning) languages; Russian is a difficult language.) lingua
    3) (the words and way of speaking, writing etc usually connected with a particular group of people etc: the language of journalists; medical language.) linguaggio, lingua
    •
    * * *
    ['læŋgwɪdʒ] 1.
    1) U (system) linguaggio m.
    3) U (used by a particular group) linguaggio m. (anche inform.)

    formal, legal language — linguaggio formale, giuridico

    bad o strong o foul language linguaggio volgare; mind your language! bada a come parli! don't use that language with me! — non usare questo linguaggio con me!

    2.
    modificatore [ course] di lingua; [ school] di lingue; [barrier, laboratory] linguistico

    English-Italian dictionary > language

  • 12 language

    noun
    1) Sprache, die

    speak the same language — (fig.) die gleiche Sprache sprechen

    2) no pl., no art. (words, wording) Sprache, die

    [style of] language — [Sprach]stil, der

    use of language — Sprachgebrauch, der

    3) (style) Ausdrucksweise, die; Sprache, die; see also academic.ru/5024/bad">bad 1. 4); strong language
    4) (professional vocabulary) [Fach]sprache, die
    5) (Computing) Sprache, die
    * * *
    ['læŋɡwi‹]
    1) (human speech: the development of language in children.) die Sprache
    2) (the speech of a particular nation: She is very good at (learning) languages; Russian is a difficult language.) die Sprache
    3) (the words and way of speaking, writing etc usually connected with a particular group of people etc: the language of journalists; medical language.) die Fachsprache
    •
    * * *
    lan·guage
    [ˈlæŋgwɪʤ]
    n
    1. (of nation) Sprache f
    she speaks four \languages fluently sie spricht vier Sprachen fließend
    artificial \language Kunstsprache f
    the English/German \language die englische/deutsche Sprache, Englisch/Deutsch nt
    a foreign \language eine Fremdsprache
    sb's native \language jds Muttersprache
    2. no pl (words) Sprache f; (style of expression) Ausdrucksweise f, Sprache f
    her \language was absolutely appalling! ihre Sprache war wirklich schockierend!
    \language, Robert! wie sprichst du denn, Robert!
    bad \language Schimpfwörter pl
    formal/spoken/written \language gehobene/gesprochene/geschriebene Sprache
    to mind one's \language aufpassen, was man sagt
    3. (of specialist group) Fachsprache f
    legal \language Rechtssprache f
    technical \language Fachsprache f; (individual expressions) Fachausdrücke pl
    [computer programming] \language Programmiersprache f
    5.
    ▶ to speak [or talk] the same \language die gleiche Sprache sprechen fig
    * * *
    ['lŋgwɪdZ]
    n
    Sprache f

    the English language — Englisch nt, die englische Sprache

    the language of business/diplomacy —

    your language is appalling — deine Ausdrucksweise ist entsetzlich, du drückst dich entsetzlich aus

    that's no language to use to your mother! — so spricht man nicht mit seiner Mutter!

    it's a bloody nuisance! – language! — verfluchter Mist! – na, so was sagt man doch nicht!

    strong language — Schimpfwörter pl, derbe Ausdrücke pl

    he used strong language, calling them fascist pigs — er beschimpfte sie als Faschistenschweine

    the request/complaint was put in rather strong language — die Aufforderung/Beschwerde hörte sich ziemlich krass an

    to talk the same language ( as sb) — die gleiche Sprache (wie jd) sprechen

    * * *
    language [ˈlæŋɡwıdʒ] s
    1. Sprache f:
    language of flowers fig Blumensprache;
    speak the same language dieselbe Sprache sprechen (a. fig);
    talk sb’s (kind of) language fig jemandes Sprache sprechen; → gutter A 1
    2. Sprache f, Rede-, Ausdrucksweise f, Worte pl:
    language! so etwas sagt man nicht!;
    this is the only language he understands das ist die einzige Sprache, die er versteht; → bad1 A 5, strong A 7
    3. Sprache f, Stil m
    4. (Fach)Sprache f, Terminologie f:
    medical language medizinische Fachsprache, Medizinersprache
    5. a) Sprachwissenschaft f
    b) Sprachunterricht m
    lang. abk language ( languages pl)
    * * *
    noun
    1) Sprache, die

    speak the same language — (fig.) die gleiche Sprache sprechen

    2) no pl., no art. (words, wording) Sprache, die

    [style of] language — [Sprach]stil, der

    use of language — Sprachgebrauch, der

    3) (style) Ausdrucksweise, die; Sprache, die; see also bad 1. 4); strong language
    4) (professional vocabulary) [Fach]sprache, die
    5) (Computing) Sprache, die
    * * *
    n.
    Sprache -n f.

    English-german dictionary > language

  • 13 Programming Language

       1) Theories of Human Mental Processes Can Be Expressed in Programming Languages
       It [the information-processing revolution] has introduced computer programming languages as formal ["mathematical"] languages for expressing theories of human mental processes; and it has introduced the computers themselves as a device to simulate these processes and thereby make behavioral predictions for testing of the theories. (Simon, 1979, p. ix)
       LISP is now the second oldest programming language in present widespread use (after FORTRAN).... Its core occupies some kind of local optimum in the space of programming languages given that static friction discourages purely notational changes. Recursive use of conditional expressions, representation of symbolic information externally by lists and internally by list structure, and representation of program in the same way will probably have a very long life. (McCarthy, quoted in Barr & Feigenbaum, 1982, p. 5)
       Although it sounds implausible, it might turn out that above a certain level of complexity, a machine ceased to be predictable, even in principle, and started doing things on its own account, or, to use a very revealing phrase, it might begin to have a mind of its own. (Lucas, quoted in Hand, 1985, p. 4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Programming Language

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     ■ Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organisation of memory. London: Academic Press.
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     ■ Turkle, S. (1984). Computers and the second self: Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon & Schuster.
     ■ Tyler, S. A. (1978). The said and the unsaid: Mind, meaning, and culture. New York: Academic Press.
     ■ van Heijenoort (Ed.) (1967). From Frege to Goedel. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
     ■ Varela, F. J. (1984). The creative circle: Sketches on the natural history of circularity. In P. Watzlawick (Ed.), The invented reality (pp. 309-324). New York: W. W. Norton.
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    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography

  • 15 Chomsky, Noam

    (р. 1928) Хомский, Наум
    Лингвист и социолог. С 1955 профессор кафедры современных языков и лингвистики Массачусетского технологического института (МТИ) [ Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. Создатель лингвистической школы генеративной (порождающей) грамматики, изложенной в его трудах "Синтаксические структуры" [Syntactic Structures] (1957), "Аспекты теории синтаксиса" [Aspects of the Theory of Syntax] (1965), "Язык и мышление" [Language and Mind] (1967) и др. Его очерки по политике и социологии собраны в двух сборниках статей. В середине 60-х выступил как теоретик политических радикалов движения "новых левых" [ New Left] и как один из руководителей движения протеста против войны во Вьетнаме [ Vietnam War]

    English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Chomsky, Noam

  • 16 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

  • 17 out

    (to allow to come in, go out: Let me in!; I let the dog out.) dejar entrar/salir
    out adv
    1. fuera
    they're out in the garden están fuera, en el jardín
    my father is in, but my mother has gone out mi padre está en casa, pero mi madre ha salido
    2. apagado
    3. en voz alta
    tr[aʊt]
    1 (outside) fuera, afuera
    ■ could you wait out there? ¿podrías esperar allí fuera?
    ■ is it cold out? ¿hace frío en la calle?
    ■ get out! ¡fuera!
    3 (not in) fuera
    ■ there's no answer, they must be out no contestan, deben de haber salido
    ■ shall we eat out? ¿comemos fuera?
    7 (available, existing) diferentes traducciones
    ■ when will her new book be out? ¿cuándo saldrá su nuevo libro?
    9 (flowers) en flor; (sun, stars, etc) que ha salido
    ■ the sun's out ha salido el sol, brilla el sol, hace sol
    10 (protruding) que se sale
    ■ don't put your tongue out! ¡no saques la lengua!
    11 (clearly, loudly) en voz alta
    12 (to the end) hasta el final; (completely) completamente, totalmente
    13 SMALLRADIO/SMALL (end of message) fuera
    1 (extinguished) apagado,-a
    2 (unconscious) inconsciente; (asleep) dormido,-a
    ■ the boxer knocked his opponent out el boxeador dejó K.O. a su contrincante
    3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (defeated) eliminado,-a; (out of play) fuera
    ■ he's out! ¡lo han eliminado!
    4 (wrong, not accurate) equivocado,-a
    ■ my calculation was out by £5 mi cálculo tenía un error de 5 libras
    5 (not fashionable) pasado,-a de moda
    6 (out of order) estropeado,-a
    7 (unacceptable) prohibido,-a
    8 (on strike) en huelga
    9 (tide) bajo,-a
    10 (over, finished) acabado,-a
    1 (away from, no longer in) fuera de
    ■ out of print agotado,-a
    5 (without) sin
    ■ we're out of tea se nos ha acabado el té, nos hemos quedado sin té
    ■ he's out of work está parado, está sin trabajo
    7 (using, made from) de
    ■ made out of wood hecho,-a de madera
    8 (from) de
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    out of favour en desgracia
    out of sight, out of mind ojos que no ven, corazón que no siente
    out of sorts indispuesto,-a
    out of this world extraordinario,-a
    out with it! ¡dilo ya!, ¡suéltalo ya!
    to feel out of it sentirse excluido,-a
    to be out and about (from illness) estar recuperado,-a
    to be out of one's head / be out of one's mind estar loco,-a
    to be out to lunch SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL estar loco,-a
    to be out to do something estar decidido,-a a hacer algo
    out tray bandeja de salidas
    out ['aʊt] vi
    : revelarse, hacerse conocido
    out adv
    she opened the door and looked out: abrió la puerta y miró para afuera
    to eat out: comer afuera
    they let the secret out: sacaron el secreto a la luz
    his money ran out: se le acabó el dinero
    to turn out the light: apagar la luz
    5) outside: fuera, afuera
    out in the garden: afuera en el jardín
    6) aloud: en voz alta, en alto
    to cry out: gritar
    out adj
    1) external: externo, exterior
    2) outlying: alejado, distante
    the out islands: las islas distantes
    3) absent: ausente
    4) unfashionable: fuera de moda
    5) extinguished: apagado
    out prep
    I looked out the window: miré por la ventana
    she ran out the door: corrió por la puerta
    adj.
    • fuera adj.
    adv.
    • afuera adv.
    • fuera adv.
    prep.
    • allá en prep.

    I aʊt
    2)
    a) ( outside) fuera, afuera (esp AmL)

    is the cat in or out? — ¿el gato está (a)dentro or (a)fuera?

    all the books on Dickens are out — todos los libros sobre Dickens están prestados; see also out of

    b) (not at home, work)

    he's out to o at lunch — ha salido a comer

    to eat o (frml) dine out — cenar/comer fuera or (esp AmL) afuera

    out and about: you must get out and about more — tienes que salir más; see also go out

    3) ( removed)
    4)
    a) (indicating movement, direction)

    out — salida

    b) (outstretched, projecting)

    arms out, legs together — brazos extendidos, piernas juntas

    ten miles out — ( Naut) a diez millas de la costa

    6)
    a) (ejected, dismissed)
    b) (from hospital, jail)

    out for: Lewis was out for revenge Lewis quería vengarse; out to + inf: she's out to beat the record está decidida a batir el récord; they're only out to make money su único objetivo es hacer dinero; they're out to get you! — andan tras de ti!, van a por ti! (Esp); see also out of

    8)
    a) (displayed, not put away)

    are the plates out yet? — ¿están puestos ya los platos?

    b) ( in blossom) en flor
    c) ( shining)
    9)
    a) (revealed, in the open)

    once the news was out, she left the country — en cuanto se supo la noticia, se fue del país

    out with it! who stole the documents? — dilo ya! ¿quién robó los documentos?

    b) (published, produced)

    a report out today points out that... — un informe publicado hoy señala que...

    c) ( in existence) (colloq)
    10) (clearly, loudly)

    he said it out loud — lo dijo en voz alta; see also call, cry, speak out


    II

    to be out — \<\<fire/light/pipe\>\> estar* apagado

    b) ( unconscious) inconsciente, sin conocimiento

    after five vodkas she was out cold — con cinco vodkas, quedó fuera de combate (fam)

    a) ( at an end)

    before the month/year is out — antes de que acabe el mes/año

    b) ( out of fashion) pasado de moda; see also go out 7) a)
    c) ( out of the question) (colloq)

    smoking in the bedrooms is absolutely out — ni hablar de fumar en los dormitorios (fam), está terminantemente prohibido fumar en los dormitorios

    3) ( Sport)

    to be out — <batter/batsman> quedar out or fuera; < team> quedar eliminado; see also out of 3)

    b) ( outside limit) (pred) fuera

    it was out — cayó or fue fuera

    4) ( inaccurate) (pred)

    you're way o a long way o miles out — andas muy lejos or muy errado

    5) (without, out of) (colloq) (pred)

    coffee? sorry, I'm completely out — ¿café? lo siento, no me queda ni gota (fam); see also out of 6)

    6) < homosexual> declarado

    III

    he looked out the window — miró (hacia afuera) por la ventana; see also out of 1)


    IV
    1)
    a) ( in baseball) out m, hombre m fuera
    b) ( escape) (AmE colloq) escapatoria f
    2) outs pl (AmE)
    a)

    to be on the outs with somebody — estar* enemistado con alguien


    V
    transitive verb revelar la homosexualidad de
    [aʊt]
    1. ADV
    When out is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg go out, put out, walk out, look up the verb.
    1) (=not in) fuera, afuera

    it's cold out — fuera or afuera hace frío

    they're out in the garden — están fuera or afuera en el jardín

    to be out — (=not at home) no estar (en casa)

    Mr Green is out — el señor Green no está or (LAm) no se encuentra

    • to be out and about again — estar bien otra vez (después de una enfermedad)

    • to have a day out — pasar un día fuera de casa

    • out you go! — ¡fuera!

    • it's cold out here — hace frío aquí fuera

    • the journey out — el viaje de ida

    • to have a night out — salir por la noche (a divertirse); (drinking) salir de juerga or (LAm) de parranda

    • to run out — salir corriendo

    • it's dark out there — está oscuro ahí fuera

    • the tide is out — la marea está baja

    • out with him! — ¡fuera con él!, ¡que le echen fuera!

    second I, 3., 3)
    2) (=on strike)

    she's out in Kuwait — se fue a Kuwait, está en Kuwait

    three days out from Plymouth — (Naut) a tres días de Plymouth

    4)

    • to be out, when the sun is out — cuando brilla el sol

    • to come out, when the sun comes out — cuando sale el sol

    5) (=in existence) que hay, que ha habido

    when will the magazine be out? — ¿cuándo sale la revista?

    the book is out — se ha publicado el libro, ha salido el libro

    6) (=in the open) conocido(-a), fuera

    • your secret's out — tu secreto se ha descubierto or ha salido a la luz

    • out with it! — ¡desembucha!, ¡suéltalo ya!, ¡suelta la lengua! (LAm)

    7) (=to or at an end) terminado(-a)
    8) [lamp, fire, gas] apagado(-a)

    "lights out at ten pm" — "se apagan las luces a las diez"

    9) (=not in fashion) pasado(-a) de moda

    long dresses are out — ya no se llevan los vestidos largos, los vestidos largos están pasados de moda

    10) (=not in power)
    11) (Sport) [player] fuera de juego; [boxer] fuera de combate; [loser] eliminado(-a)

    that's it, Liverpool are out — ya está, Liverpool queda eliminado

    you're out — (in games) quedas eliminado

    out! — ¡fuera!

    12) (indicating error) equivocado(-a)

    your watch is five minutes out — su reloj lleva cinco minutos de atraso/de adelanto

    13) (indicating loudness, clearness) en voz alta, en alto

    speak out (loud)! — ¡habla en voz alta or fuerte!

    right 2., 1), straight 2., 1)

    he's out for all he can get — busca sus propios fines, anda detrás de lo suyo

    15)

    to be out — (=unconscious) estar inconsciente; (=drunk) estar completamente borracho; (=asleep) estar durmiendo como un tronco

    I was out for some minutes — estuve inconsciente durante varios minutos, estuve varios minutos sin conocimiento

    16)
    17) (=worn through)
    18)

    out of —

    When out of is part of a set combination, eg out of danger, out of proportion, out of sight, look up the other word.
    a) (=outside, beyond) fuera de

    • to go out of the house — salir de la casa

    • to look out of the window — mirar por la ventana

    • to throw sth out of a window — tirar algo por una ventana

    • to turn sb out of the house — echar a algn de la casa

    • we're well out of it * — de buena nos hemos librado

    - feel out of it
    danger 1., proportion 1., 1), range 1., 5), season 1., 2), sight 1., 2)
    b) (cause, motive) por

    • out of curiosity — por curiosidad

    • out of respect for you — por el respeto que te tengo

    • to do sth out of sympathy — hacer algo por compasión

    necessity, spite
    c) (origin) de

    • to copy sth out of a book — copiar algo de un libro

    • to drink sth out of a cup — beber algo de una taza

    • to take sth out of a drawer — sacar algo de un cajón

    • a box made out of wood — una caja (hecha) de madera

    • it was like something out of a nightmare — era como de una pesadilla

    • a chapter out of a novel — un capítulo de una novela

    d) (=from among) de cada
    e) (=without) sin

    it's out of stock — (Comm) está agotado

    to be out of hearts — (Cards) tener fallo a corazones

    breath 1., 1)
    f) (Vet)

    Blue Ribbon, by Black Rum out of Grenada — el caballo Blue Ribbon, hijo de Black Rum y de la yegua Grenada

    2.
    3.
    VT (=expose as homosexual) revelar la homosexualidad de
    4.
    VI
    * * *

    I [aʊt]
    2)
    a) ( outside) fuera, afuera (esp AmL)

    is the cat in or out? — ¿el gato está (a)dentro or (a)fuera?

    all the books on Dickens are out — todos los libros sobre Dickens están prestados; see also out of

    b) (not at home, work)

    he's out to o at lunch — ha salido a comer

    to eat o (frml) dine out — cenar/comer fuera or (esp AmL) afuera

    out and about: you must get out and about more — tienes que salir más; see also go out

    3) ( removed)
    4)
    a) (indicating movement, direction)

    out — salida

    b) (outstretched, projecting)

    arms out, legs together — brazos extendidos, piernas juntas

    ten miles out — ( Naut) a diez millas de la costa

    6)
    a) (ejected, dismissed)
    b) (from hospital, jail)

    out for: Lewis was out for revenge Lewis quería vengarse; out to + inf: she's out to beat the record está decidida a batir el récord; they're only out to make money su único objetivo es hacer dinero; they're out to get you! — andan tras de ti!, van a por ti! (Esp); see also out of

    8)
    a) (displayed, not put away)

    are the plates out yet? — ¿están puestos ya los platos?

    b) ( in blossom) en flor
    c) ( shining)
    9)
    a) (revealed, in the open)

    once the news was out, she left the country — en cuanto se supo la noticia, se fue del país

    out with it! who stole the documents? — dilo ya! ¿quién robó los documentos?

    b) (published, produced)

    a report out today points out that... — un informe publicado hoy señala que...

    c) ( in existence) (colloq)
    10) (clearly, loudly)

    he said it out loud — lo dijo en voz alta; see also call, cry, speak out


    II

    to be out — \<\<fire/light/pipe\>\> estar* apagado

    b) ( unconscious) inconsciente, sin conocimiento

    after five vodkas she was out cold — con cinco vodkas, quedó fuera de combate (fam)

    a) ( at an end)

    before the month/year is out — antes de que acabe el mes/año

    b) ( out of fashion) pasado de moda; see also go out 7) a)
    c) ( out of the question) (colloq)

    smoking in the bedrooms is absolutely out — ni hablar de fumar en los dormitorios (fam), está terminantemente prohibido fumar en los dormitorios

    3) ( Sport)

    to be out — <batter/batsman> quedar out or fuera; < team> quedar eliminado; see also out of 3)

    b) ( outside limit) (pred) fuera

    it was out — cayó or fue fuera

    4) ( inaccurate) (pred)

    you're way o a long way o miles out — andas muy lejos or muy errado

    5) (without, out of) (colloq) (pred)

    coffee? sorry, I'm completely out — ¿café? lo siento, no me queda ni gota (fam); see also out of 6)

    6) < homosexual> declarado

    III

    he looked out the window — miró (hacia afuera) por la ventana; see also out of 1)


    IV
    1)
    a) ( in baseball) out m, hombre m fuera
    b) ( escape) (AmE colloq) escapatoria f
    2) outs pl (AmE)
    a)

    to be on the outs with somebody — estar* enemistado con alguien


    V
    transitive verb revelar la homosexualidad de

    English-spanish dictionary > out

  • 18 Logic

       My initial step... was to attempt to reduce the concept of ordering in a sequence to that of logical consequence, so as to proceed from there to the concept of number. To prevent anything intuitive from penetrating here unnoticed, I had to bend every effort to keep the chain of inference free of gaps. In attempting to comply with this requirement in the strictest possible way, I found the inadequacy of language to be an obstacle. (Frege, 1972, p. 104)
       I believe I can make the relation of my 'conceptual notation' to ordinary language clearest if I compare it to the relation of the microscope to the eye. The latter, because of the range of its applicability and because of the ease with which it can adapt itself to the most varied circumstances, has a great superiority over the microscope. Of course, viewed as an optical instrument it reveals many imperfections, which usually remain unnoticed only because of its intimate connection with mental life. But as soon as scientific purposes place strong requirements upon sharpness of resolution, the eye proves to be inadequate.... Similarly, this 'conceptual notation' is devised for particular scientific purposes; and therefore one may not condemn it because it is useless for other purposes. (Frege, 1972, pp. 104-105)
       To sum up briefly, it is the business of the logician to conduct an unceasing struggle against psychology and those parts of language and grammar which fail to give untrammeled expression to what is logical. He does not have to answer the question: How does thinking normally take place in human beings? What course does it naturally follow in the human mind? What is natural to one person may well be unnatural to another. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)
       We are very dependent on external aids in our thinking, and there is no doubt that the language of everyday life-so far, at least, as a certain area of discourse is concerned-had first to be replaced by a more sophisticated instrument, before certain distinctions could be noticed. But so far the academic world has, for the most part, disdained to master this instrument. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)
       There is no reproach the logician need fear less than the reproach that his way of formulating things is unnatural.... If we were to heed those who object that logic is unnatural, we would run the risk of becoming embroiled in interminable disputes about what is natural, disputes which are quite incapable of being resolved within the province of logic. (Frege, 1979, p. 128)
       [L]inguists will be forced, internally as it were, to come to grips with the results of modern logic. Indeed, this is apparently already happening to some extent. By "logic" is not meant here recursive function-theory, California model-theory, constructive proof-theory, or even axiomatic settheory. Such areas may or may not be useful for linguistics. Rather under "logic" are included our good old friends, the homely locutions "and," "or," "if-then," "if and only if," "not," "for all x," "for some x," and "is identical with," plus the calculus of individuals, event-logic, syntax, denotational semantics, and... various parts of pragmatics.... It is to these that the linguist can most profitably turn for help. These are his tools. And they are "clean tools," to borrow a phrase of the late J. L. Austin in another context, in fact, the only really clean ones we have, so that we might as well use them as much as we can. But they constitute only what may be called "baby logic." Baby logic is to the linguist what "baby mathematics" (in the phrase of Murray Gell-Mann) is to the theoretical physicist-very elementary but indispensable domains of theory in both cases. (Martin, 1969, pp. 261-262)
       There appears to be no branch of deductive inference that requires us to assume the existence of a mental logic in order to do justice to the psychological phenomena. To be logical, an individual requires, not formal rules of inference, but a tacit knowledge of the fundamental semantic principle governing any inference; a deduction is valid provided that there is no way of interpreting the premises correctly that is inconsistent with the conclusion. Logic provides a systematic method for searching for such counter-examples. The empirical evidence suggests that ordinary individuals possess no such methods. (Johnson-Laird, quoted in Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 130)
       The fundamental paradox of logic [that "there is no class (as a totality) of those classes which, each taken as a totality, do not belong to themselves" (Russell to Frege, 16 June 1902, in van Heijenoort, 1967, p. 125)] is with us still, bequeathed by Russell-by way of philosophy, mathematics, and even computer science-to the whole of twentieth-century thought. Twentieth-century philosophy would begin not with a foundation for logic, as Russell had hoped in 1900, but with the discovery in 1901 that no such foundation can be laid. (Everdell, 1997, p. 184)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Logic

  • 19 Cognitive Science

       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense.... [P]eople and intelligent computers turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       2) Experimental Psychology, Theoretical Linguistics, and Computational Simulation of Cognitive Processes Are All Components of Cognitive Science
       I went away from the Symposium with a strong conviction, more intuitive than rational, that human experimental psychology, theoretical linguistics, and computer simulation of cognitive processes were all pieces of a larger whole, and that the future would see progressive elaboration and coordination of their shared concerns.... I have been working toward a cognitive science for about twenty years beginning before I knew what to call it. (G. A. Miller, 1979, p. 9)
        Cognitive Science studies the nature of cognition in human beings, other animals, and inanimate machines (if such a thing is possible). While computers are helpful within cognitive science, they are not essential to its being. A science of cognition could still be pursued even without these machines.
        Computer Science studies various kinds of problems and the use of computers to solve them, without concern for the means by which we humans might otherwise resolve them. There could be no computer science if there were no machines of this kind, because they are indispensable to its being. Artificial Intelligence is a special branch of computer science that investigates the extent to which the mental powers of human beings can be captured by means of machines.
       There could be cognitive science without artificial intelligence but there could be no artificial intelligence without cognitive science. One final caveat: In the case of an emerging new discipline such as cognitive science there is an almost irresistible temptation to identify the discipline itself (as a field of inquiry) with one of the theories that inspired it (such as the computational conception...). This, however, is a mistake. The field of inquiry (or "domain") stands to specific theories as questions stand to possible answers. The computational conception should properly be viewed as a research program in cognitive science, where "research programs" are answers that continue to attract followers. (Fetzer, 1996, pp. xvi-xvii)
       What is the nature of knowledge and how is this knowledge used? These questions lie at the core of both psychology and artificial intelligence.
       The psychologist who studies "knowledge systems" wants to know how concepts are structured in the human mind, how such concepts develop, and how they are used in understanding and behavior. The artificial intelligence researcher wants to know how to program a computer so that it can understand and interact with the outside world. The two orientations intersect when the psychologist and the computer scientist agree that the best way to approach the problem of building an intelligent machine is to emulate the human conceptual mechanisms that deal with language.... The name "cognitive science" has been used to refer to this convergence of interests in psychology and artificial intelligence....
       This working partnership in "cognitive science" does not mean that psychologists and computer scientists are developing a single comprehensive theory in which people are no different from machines. Psychology and artificial intelligence have many points of difference in methods and goals.... We simply want to work on an important area of overlapping interest, namely a theory of knowledge systems. As it turns out, this overlap is substantial. For both people and machines, each in their own way, there is a serious problem in common of making sense out of what they hear, see, or are told about the world. The conceptual apparatus necessary to perform even a partial feat of understanding is formidable and fascinating. (Schank & Abelson, 1977, pp. 1-2)
       Within the last dozen years a general change in scientific outlook has occurred, consonant with the point of view represented here. One can date the change roughly from 1956: in psychology, by the appearance of Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin's Study of Thinking and George Miller's "The Magical Number Seven"; in linguistics, by Noam Chomsky's "Three Models of Language"; and in computer science, by our own paper on the Logic Theory Machine. (Newell & Simon, 1972, p. 4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitive Science

  • 20 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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